Bādīs Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist) 12th century al-Ṭughrāʾī Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Artephius 13th century al-Simāwī Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)...

in the Seljuk Era The Son and Seven Other Stories The Lamiya of Al Tughrai Al Tughrai Modern Iraqi Fiction Teaching Arabic Mahmoud Ahmad Al Sayed Observations...

 865–925 or 935) Ibn Umayl, known in Latin as Senior Zadith (c. 900–960) al-Tughrai (1061–1121) Artephius (c. 1150) al-Jildaki, also written al-Jaldaki (died...

(modified) image of the sage holding a chemical table (see image above). Al-Tughrai was an 11th–12th century Persian physician. whose work the Masabih al-hikma...

Society, founded 1875 Flag of the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro at Fiume, bearing the snake Ouroborus In Norse mythology, the ouroboros appears...

"genetic" relationships. One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear to be mostly independent, at least in their earlier stages: Chinese...

reddening, purpling, or iosis The origin of these four phases can be traced at least as far back as the first century. Zosimus of Panopolis wrote that it...

March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, poem Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineEnglish translation on levity.com Archived 22 June 2023 at the Wayback...

Iran. In his youth, al-Razi moved to Baghdad where he studied and practiced at the local bimaristan (hospital). Later, he was invited back to Rey by Mansur...

after p. 268 – via Internet Archive. Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons wikt:Appendix:Unicode/Alchemical Symbols Alchemical symbols...

high, at least in comparison to their European counterparts. Education would begin at a young age with study of Arabic and the Quran, either at home or...

distilling spirits Copper retort Glass alembic Alembic metalwork in the staircase at the Chemical Faculty of Gdańsk University of Technology, 1904 The Unicode...

(modern Germany). Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141) Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121) Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia and Calabria...

central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, divine illumination, and heavenly bliss. Efforts to discover the...

of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia which became a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late as 1650. Besides philosophy...

governor and ruler Alfanus II (or Alfano), Lombard archbishop of Salerno Al-Tughrai, Persian official, poet and alchemist (b. 1061) Bartolf Leslie (or Bartholomew)...

BaSO4 Flowers of antimony – antimony trioxide, formed by roasting stibnite at high temperature and condensing the white fumes that form. Sb2O3 Fool's gold...

to be with his love. In his adaptation, the young lovers become acquainted at school and fell desperately in love. However, they could not see each other...

popular hangout for intellectuals. He probably visited the intellectual centers at Basra and Kufa in search of scholarly material. He may have visited Aleppo...

circulating as early as AD 940. The Arabic version was translated into Persian (at least twice), Ottoman Turkish (twice), Hebrew, Spanish, and twice into Latin...

the 1590s he was active in Prague, at the famously open-minded court of Emperor Rudolf II. In Poland he appeared at the court of King Sigismund III Vasa...

this philosophical treatise is preserved by the poet and alchemist al-Ṭughrāʾī (1061–c. 1121). Although a significant number of the Jabirian treatises...

(dīwān al-inshāʾ wa’l-ṭughrā, also called dīwān al-rasāʾil) under the ṭughrāʾī or munshī al-mamālik, an accounting department (dīwān al-zimām wa’l-istīfāʾ)...

writings, and not from direct teaching in person. At the age of 16, he started studying medicine at the University of Basel, later moving to Vienna. He...

Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, MS Marciana gr. Z. 299. A later copy can be found at Leiden University, located in the Netherlands. Chrysopoeia translated is "gold-making"...

(malik) of Khurasan, giving him his own atabeg (Amir Qumaj) and vizier (al-Tughrai). Berkyaruq then led an expedition as far east as Tirmidh, where he confirmed...

according to one story, he was employed during his boyhood selling water at a mosque in Cairo. His first appearance as a poet was in Egypt, but as he...

Ibn al-Baitar was born in the city of Málaga in al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) at the end of the twelfth century, hence his nisba "al-Mālaqī". His name "Ibn...

Böhme as "the first German philosopher". Böhme was born on 24 April 1575 at Alt Seidenberg (now Stary Zawidów, Poland), a village near Görlitz in Upper...

within it, resulting in a richly layered narrative texture. Versions differ, at least in detail, as to final endings (in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon...