bottom quark, beauty quark, or b quark, is an elementary particle of the third generation. It is a heavy quark with a charge of −⁠1/3⁠ e. All quarks are...

either a bottom quark (most frequently), a strange quark, or, on the rarest of occasions, a down quark. The Standard Model determines the top quark's mean...

flavors, of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. The heavier quarks rapidly change...

quarks are called omega baryons. By default, the quarks are strange quarks, but those with one or more the strange quarks replaced by charm or bottom...

are added for each even heavier charm or bottom quark that replaces one of the two presumed strange quarks. They are historically called the cascade...

The bottom eta meson (η b) or eta-b meson is a flavourless meson formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was first observed by the BaBar experiment...

a bottom antiquark and either an up (B+ ), down (B0 ), strange (B0 s) or charm quark (B+ c). The combination of a bottom antiquark and a top quark is...

In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to...

The charm quark, charmed quark, or c quark is an elementary particle found in composite subatomic particles called hadrons such as the J/psi meson and...

quarks (up, charm, and top quarks) are called up-type quarks and have T3 = ⁠++1/2⁠ ; the negatively charged quarks (down, strange, and bottom quarks)...

made of a mixture of up, down and strange quarks and their antiquarks. The charmed eta meson (η c) and bottom eta meson (η b) are similar forms of quarkonium;...

is enough to consider the contributions of virtual top and bottom quarks (the heaviest quarks). This process is the dominant contribution at the LHC and...

mixtures of the light quark states. The much larger mass differences between the charm and bottom quarks and the lighter quarks results in states that...

It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is...

Current quarks (also called naked quarks or bare quarks) are a description of valence quarks as the cores of the quark particles that are the invariable...

interact with baryonic matter. There are six quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks carry color charge, and hence interact via the...

containing the charm quark, first seen 1974, is about three times as massive as a proton, and the upsilon meson (ϒ) containing the bottom quark, first seen in...

The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic...

accurately known quark mass is of the top quark (t) at 172.7 GeV/c2, estimated using the on-shell scheme. Estimates of the values of quark masses depend...

used in studying the properties of hadrons containing a single charm or bottom quark. The effective theory was formalised in 1990 by Howard Georgi, Estia...

meson (ϒ) is a quarkonium state (i.e. flavourless meson) formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was discovered by the E288 experiment team,...

reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks (nb) and the number of bottom quarks (nb) that are present in a particle: B ′ = − ( n...

(charmness), B′ (bottomness), T (topness), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), t (top quark), as well as other...

includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino...

jets originating from bottom quarks (or b quarks, hence the name). b-tagging is important because: The physics of bottom quarks is quite interesting;...

down quark (symbol: d) is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and combines...

vacuum to travel approximately 0.30 mm 1 picosecond – half-life of a bottom quark ~1 picosecond – lifetime of a single H 3O+ (hydronium) ion in water at...

Quark–gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup) is an interacting localized assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal (local kinetic) and (close to) chemical (abundance)...

bottom antiquark (T+ b). Because of the top quark's short lifetime, T mesons are not expected to be found in nature. The combination of a top quark and...

momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), t (top quark), b (bottom quark), Q (electric charge), S (strangeness)...