Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers...

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system...

A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or...

Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide...

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research...

evidence—such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short...

climatology, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative framework designed to improve knowledge of climate change. It was organized...

primitive-equation models, followed by the United Kingdom in 1972 and Australia in 1977. The development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models. The...

Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation...

anticipation of climate change). There are two main types of SDMs. Correlative SDMs, also known as climate envelope models, bioclimatic models, or resource...

(IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate. The...

debate often concerns which is the better model for a given task, e.g., which is the more accurate climate model for seasonal forecasting. Attempts to formalize...

needed] Climate models have consistently shown that SRM could reduce global warming and many effects of climate change, including some potential climate tipping...

the climate system and the global environment. Since 1995, the IPSL Climate Modeling Center (IPSL-CMC) has been developing and using climate models to...

much of this weakening is due to climate change or the circulation's natural variability over millennia. Climate models predict the AMOC will further weaken...

Parametrization (or parameterization) in an atmospheric model (either weather model or climate model) is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale...

Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions;...

much of the Pacific Ocean were warmer than they are today. To date, no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin...

The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) is a program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California...

climate model from the 1980s onwards. Observations and climate model results now provide high confidence that the overall cloud feedback on climate change...

The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) is part of the Climate Research Division of Environment Canada and is located at the University...

of global warming and climate change—during the year 2025. May: André Corrêa do Lago, director of the 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30...

Observations and climate modelling indicate that the Hadley circulation has expanded poleward since at least the 1980s as a result of climate change, with...

A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and...

and methane emissions in ways that are difficult to model.: 677  Climate change scenarios use models to estimate how Earth will respond to greenhouse gas...

at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes...

the African humid period has been investigated with archaeology, climate modelling and paleoproxies. with archaeological sites, Deposits left by wind...

Some researchers have pursued the shared perception model of organisational climate. Their model identifies the variables which moderate an organisation's...

from solar power plants, the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling applications...

Century were used to create stable isotopes analyses used to develop climate models. Analysis of soil contained in the samples suggests that the site was...