The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is the most widespread technique for analyzing codon usage bias. As opposed to other measures of codon usage bias, such...

analyze codon usage bias. Methods such as the 'frequency of optimal codons' (Fop), the relative codon adaptation (RCA) or the codon adaptation index (CAI)...

mineral Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in pharmacology Codon Adaptation Index, a measure of codon bias in protein-coding DNA sequences Cold air intake,...

Sharp, Paul M.; Li, Wen-Hsiung (1987). "The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications"...

Allozyme Alternative splicing Altruism Alu family Alzheimer's disease Amber codon Ames test Amino acid Amino acid sequence Amino acids Amniocentesis Amorph...

Sharp, Paul M.; Li, Wen-Hsiung (1987). "The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications"...

definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent. The way that codons (DNA triplets) are mapped to amino acids seems to be strongly optimised...

translation. Each group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds either to one of the twenty possible amino acids in a protein...

binding of complementary transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide...

cloning vector – closed circulatory system – cobalamin – codominance – codon – coenzyme – cofactor – collagen – collecting duct – commensalism – competitive...

involving the reassignment of a sense codon. This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism's environment, as well...

Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg after DNA was understood to contain codons. The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 to map the human genome....

facility in Sweden Andersson's research first focused around the role of codon usage in shaping bacterial genomes. After her postdoctoral fellowship, she...

literature. For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage. Such models also include effects of selection, following the...

expression Central dogma of molecular biology: nucleosome – genetic code – codon – transcription factor – transcription – translation – RNA – histone – telomere...

synonymous or nonsynonymous. A synonymous substitution replaces a codon with another codon that codes for the same amino acid, so that the produced amino...

C. albicans. Several adaptations of this plasmid have been made after the original became available. Due to the aberrant codon usage of C. albicans it...

the ribosome's A site for the UGA codon to be decoded. In bacteria, the SECIS element occurs soon after the UGA codon it activates. The situation with...

virus to have a noticeable codon usage bias. For instance, arginine's six different codons have a relative synonymous codon usage of AGA (2.67), CGU (1...

products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek word...

residues in mRNA can affect the coding specificity of stop codons UAA, UGA, and UAG. In these stop codons, both a U→Ψ modification and a U→C mutation promote...

create start and stop codons, but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited to be...

techniques to experience structural evolutions in 3D architecture. These include codon usage frequency similarity (CUFS), paralog gene co-regulation, and spatially...

hyperphagia. A nonsense mutation in the leptin gene that results in a stop codon and lack of leptin production was first observed in mice. In the mouse gene...

result, the rate of errors in which translation continues beyond a stop codon increases from about 0.3% to about 1%. This can lead to different growth...

Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible...

to reflect mutational tendencies. Mutational biases also contribute to codon usage bias. Although such hypotheses are often associated with neutrality...

state and express dormant genetic features normally terminated by stop codon mutations. Prion-based epigenetics has also been observed in Saccharomyces...

gene. There are 105 Human Reference SNPs that result in premature stop codons in 103 genes. This corresponds to 0.5% of coding SNPs. They occur due to...

to differentiate between nearly neutral alleles can be measured by how codon bias differs from neutral expectations. The Ka/Ks ratio is also sometimes...