A compound refractive lens (CRL) is a series of individual lenses arranged in a linear array in order to achieve focusing of X-rays in the energy range...

transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials...

Astigmatism is a type of refractive error due to rotational asymmetry in the eye's refractive power. This results in distorted or blurred vision at any...

refraction in compound refractive lenses that use many small X-ray lenses in series to compensate by their number for the minute index of refraction,...

the polarization of light. Because a compound eye is made up of a collection of ommatidia, each with its own lens, light will enter each ommatidium instead...

corrective lens is a transmissive optical device that is worn on the eye to improve visual perception. The most common use is to treat refractive errors:...

catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses (dioptrics) and curved mirrors (catoptrics)...

annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the...

contrast by highlighting small details of differing refractive index. A range of objective lenses with different magnification are usually provided mounted...

spherochromatism, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements varies with the...

The choice of glass gives the mean refractive index, often written as n d {\displaystyle n_{d}} (for the refractive index at the Fraunhofer "d" spectral...

thin layer of transparent material with refractive index equal to the square root of the substrate's refractive index. In air, such a coating theoretically...

of basic contact lenses based on Descartes' model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, neutralizing their refractive power, which he...

it is the refractive index that determines how much the rays of light are bent at each interface and since it is the differences in refractive indices in...

takes into account parameters such as lens aperture, distance from the object to the lens, and the refractive index of the observed material. This combination...

different refractive indices for rays polarized along directions parallel and perpendicular to its optic axis. These rays with differing refractive indices...

Gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. The earliest double Gauss lens, patented...

noted I. Therefore, a lens with two refractive surfaces is an RR optic, while another configuration with a reflective and a refractive surface is an XR optic...

and experimentation with lenses led directly to the invention of the compound optical microscope around 1595, and the refracting telescope in 1608, both...

inventors of the X-ray microscope. Although X-rays can be focused by compound refractive lenses, these also reduce the intensity of the beam and are therefore...

While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as...

Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek...

the lens. To describe combinations of optical components, ray transfer matrices may be multiplied together to obtain an overall RTM for the compound optical...

Biconcave lens Biconvex lens Convex-concave lens Plano concave lens Plano convex lens Meniscus lens Designs Wollaston landscape lens There are many compound designs...

\beta } . The current implementation of DFXM at ID06, ESRF, uses a compound refractive lens (CRL) as the objective, giving spatial resolution of 100 nm and...

clear transparent fluorite has anomalous partial dispersion, that is, its refractive index varies with the wavelength of light in a manner that differs from...

mechanical properties of the glass: refractive index, dispersion, transmittance, thermal expansion and other parameters. Lenses produced for optical applications...

variation in refractive index and by the surface shape. Another class of microlens, sometimes known as micro-Fresnel lenses, focus light by refraction in a set...

spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this...

The Gauss lens is a compound achromatic lens that uses two uncemented elements; in its most basic form, a positive meniscus lens on the object side and...