The down quark (symbol: d) is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and...

observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never found in isolation;...

The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic...

matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It...

The top quark, sometimes also referred to as the truth quark, (symbol: t) is the most massive of all observed elementary particles. It derives its mass...

bottom quark, beauty quark, or b quark, is an elementary particle of the third generation. It is a heavy quark with a charge of −⁠1/3⁠ e. All quarks are...

The charm quark, charmed quark, or c quark is an elementary particle found in composite subatomic particles called hadrons such as the J/psi meson and...

particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known as isobaric spin or isotopic...

Current quarks (also called naked quarks or bare quarks) are a description of valence quarks as the cores of the quark particles that are the invariable...

up quarks and down quarks rather than up and down quarks bound into protons and neutrons. Matter containing these nuclides is termed up-down quark matter...

up quark has T3 = ⁠++1/2⁠ and the down quark has T3 = ⁠−+1/2⁠. A quark never decays through the weak interaction into a quark of the same T3: Quarks with...

the individual neutrons break down into their constituent quarks (up quarks and down quarks), forming what is known as quark matter. This conversion may...

their corresponding antiquarks replace quarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the...

valence quarks, and together with neutrons are now classified as hadrons. Protons are composed of two up quarks of charge +⁠2/3⁠e each, and one down quark of...

first-generation quarks. In the quark model, an up quark and an anti-down quark make up a π+ , whereas a down quark and an anti-up quark make up the π−...

example, a neutron, composed of two down quarks and an up quark, decays to a proton composed of a down quark and two up quarks. Electron capture is sometimes...

mass). Neutrons are made up of one up and two down quarks, while protons are made of two up and one down quark. Since the other common elementary particles...

the quark level, W− emission turns a down quark into an up quark, turning a neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) into a proton (two up quarks and...

up and down quarks. Quark matter is a condensed form of matter composed entirely of quarks. When quark matter does not contain strange quarks, it is sometimes...

built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks. At high enough density...

A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group. In the low-energy limit of QCD, a description by...

In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to...

equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles,...

For instance, the electron's superpartner is the selectron and the top quark's superpartner is the stop squark. One corollary from supersymmetry is that...

(each with charge +⁠2/3⁠) and one down quark (with a charge of −⁠1/3⁠). Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks. This distinction accounts for...

three positively charged quarks are called "up-type quarks" while the three negatively charged quarks are called "down-type quarks". Leptons do not interact...

of protons, save for the difference in quark composition with a down quark in the neutron replacing an up quark in the proton. The neutron magnetic moment...

is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates...

three quarks. Ξ baryons, in particular, contain either one up or one down quark and two other, more massive quarks. The two more massive quarks are any...

the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos...