International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union...

The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/) is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, a region...

Science Letters" (PDF). ursi.org. Retrieved 25 May 2024. "International Reference Ionosphere". Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved...

Harris-Priester, and NRL-MSIS; the International Reference Ionosphere model; and the International Geomagnetic Reference Field magnetic field model. FreeFlyer...

robotics competition International Reference Ionosphere, the international standard for modelling the Earth's ionosphere International Roughness Index, a...

CIRA. The code "IRI" of the URSI-COSPAR working group on the International Reference Ionosphere was first edited in 1978 and is yearly updated. Every two...

D., "International Reference Ionosphere 2000," Radio Science, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2001, pp. 261–275. Bilitza, D., "International Reference Ionosphere – Status...

lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. The global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist...

also known as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) and formerly known as the Arecibo Ionosphere Observatory, is an observatory in Barrio...

The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is the current standard celestial reference system adopted by the International Astronomical Union...

generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere. This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of...

and a principal author of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), a widely-used standard for Earth’s ionospheric plasma. IAU · 20061 20062 Matthewgriffin...

particular the ionosphere, and does not reach the surface. This absorption can temporarily increase the ionization of the ionosphere which may interfere...

layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station...

"35 Years of International Reference Ionosphere - Karl Rawer's legacy". Adv. Radio Sci. 2, 283, 2004 International Reference Ionosphere Archived 2010-10-24...

environment (natural and artificial) – The Earth's ionosphere model: international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and extensions to the plasmasphere ISO/TS...

shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands), radio waves can refract from the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the atmosphere. This means...

transistor Insulator (electrical) Interbol Intergalactic medium International Reference Ionosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Interplanetary medium Interplanetary...

equivalent to geographic longitude. Earth's magnetic field Geomagnetic equator Ionosphere L-shell Magnetosphere World Magnetic Model (WMM) VanZandt, T. E.; W. L...

WAAS signal. To calculate an ionospheric grid point's delay, that point must be located between a satellite and a reference station. The low number of satellites...

Deflection of the vertical Geodetic datum Geopotential International Terrestrial Reference Frame Physical geodesy Planetary geoid Areoid (Mars's geoid)...

GNSS signals are slowed in the ionosphere, which is affected relatively unpredictably by space weather. The ionosphere is dispersive, meaning that signals...

and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus' ionosphere. The mission may carry out research on Venus' active volcanic hotspots...

from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected...

communication because they can reflect off layers of charged particles in the ionosphere and return to Earth beyond the horizon, a mechanism called skywave or...

Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) is a planned joint venture mission between the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy...

of the edge of space; it is widely but not universally accepted. The international record-keeping body FAI (Fédération aéronautique internationale) defines...

frequency of the ionospheric F layer), refraction is insufficient to return the signal to earth and if it is too low, absorption in the ionospheric D layer may...

bottom of the ionosphere called the D layer at 60–90 km (37–56 mi) altitude, which reflects VLF radio waves. The conductive ionosphere and the conductive...

researcher. He started his career with his work on radio propagation and the ionosphere. Chapman grew up in London, Ontario, the son of Lt. Col. Lloyd Chapman...