Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote...

by their source, such as fungal biotoxins, microbial toxins, plant biotoxins, or animal biotoxins. Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence...

paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin is an acetylcholine...

response of the adaptive immune system against viruses, bacteria and microbial toxin. By binding specifically to surface structures (antigen) on an infectious...

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease begins...

test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe. Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection and competitive immunoassays...

readily transmitted via food which includes bacteria and viruses. Microbial toxins are also possible contaminants of food; However, microorganisms and...

needed] Uremic toxins are any biologically active compounds that are retained due to kidney impairment. Many uremic salts can also be uremic toxins.[citation...

RY-sin) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. The median...

"12,13-Epoxytrichothecenes.". In Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl SJ (eds.). Microbial Toxins. Vol. VII. New York, NY: Academic Press. pp. 207–292. US Military Gulf...

nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing microbial toxins and causing immunosuppression. Optimal virulence describes a theorized...

spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin. C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria...

alpha-helical or beta-barrel channels. Such transformations occur in pore forming toxins such as colicin A, alpha-hemolysin, and others. They may also occur in BcL-2...

immunoassay test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection and competitive immunoassays...

inflammatory conditions are shown in Figure 2. During inflammation, LPS, microbial toxin, and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 or TNF-α, induce the CALC-1...

(from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and τοξικόν (toxikón) 'poison, toxin') are complex allelopathic chemicals produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic...

Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was...

reservoir of Cry toxins for production of biological insecticides and insect-resistant genetically modified crops. When insects ingest toxin crystals, their...

defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct...

that occurs during gas gangrene. Gas gangrene is caused by alpha toxin, or α-toxin, that embeds itself into the plasma membrane of cells and disrupts...

and Diptera. The toxin from B. thuringiensis (Bt toxin) has been incorporated directly into plants via genetic engineering. Bt toxin manufacturers claim...

disease. Other cyanotoxins: Guanitoxin Aplysiatoxin Dinotoxin Microbial mats Microbial toxins Microviridin Panou, Manthos; Gkelis, Spyros (2020-01-06), Cyano-assassins:...

Microbial symbiosis in marine animals was not discovered until 1981. In the time following, symbiotic relationships between marine invertebrates and chemoautotrophic...

(2002). "Beauvericin: Chemistry, Biology and Significance". Advances in Microbial Toxin Research and Its Biotechnological Exploitation. pp. 23–30. doi:10...

produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types...

settings. They may constitute a microbiome or be a portion of it. The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic...

2000). "Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin forms multimeric transmembrane pores in human endothelial cells". Microbial Pathogenesis. 28 (1): 45–50. doi:10...

Penicillin Roquefort toxin (PR toxin) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Penicillium roqueforti. In 1973, PR toxin was first partially characterized...

Microbes Marine microbial symbiosis Microbial biogeography Microbial communities Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Microbial oxidation of...

Wilson BJ (1971). Ciegler A, Kadis S, Ajl SJ (eds.). Microbial Toxins. Vol. 6: Fungal Toxins. New York: Academic Press. p. 251. Brian, P. W. (June 1951)...