In model theory, a discipline within mathematical logic, a non-standard model is a model of a theory that is not isomorphic to the intended model (or standard...

logic, a non-standard model of arithmetic is a model of first-order Peano arithmetic that contains non-standard numbers. The term standard model of arithmetic...

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions...

Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability...

A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that was, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the then-current standard...

The Standard Model of particle physics is a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)...

by CDM; ordinary matter. It is the current standard model of Big Bang cosmology, as it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of:...

Dedekind cuts) belongs to SN. Even non-standard analysis can be done in the superstructure over a non-standard model of the natural numbers. There is a...

theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model (best known as Spectral Standard Model ), is a model based on noncommutative geometry...

basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection." In the OSI reference model, the components of a communication...

1, 2, ...). The model is called non-standard otherwise. The formula above is true only in non-standard models: In the standard model X would be a proper...

contemporary model theory. In 1973, intuitionist Arend Heyting praised nonstandard analysis as "a standard model of important mathematical research". A non-zero...

the same). This is also one of the standard models of the real projective plane. The difference is that as a model of elliptic geometry a metric is introduced...

N {\displaystyle ^{*}\mathbb {N} } . Note that the latter gives a non-standard model of arithmetic in the sense of Skolem. Howard Jerome Keisler: Elementary...

certain theory T but true in the "standard" model of the natural numbers: φu is false in some other, "non-standard" models of T.) The completeness theorem...

natural numbers satisfy the axioms of PA, there are other models as well (called "non-standard models"); the compactness theorem implies that the existence...

integers and gives the symbols their usual meaning. There are also non-standard models of arithmetic. Early logic systems includes Indian logic of Pāṇini...

In cryptography the standard model is the model of computation in which the adversary is only limited by the amount of time and computational power available...

provable within that logical system (and which indeed may fail in some non-standard models of arithmetic which may be consistent with the logical system). For...

Several non-standard dates are used in calendars for various purposes: some are expressly fictional, some are intended to produce a rhetorical effect (such...

Shockwave cosmology is a non-standard cosmology proposed by Joel Smoller and Blake Temple in 2003. In this model, the “big bang” is an explosion inside...

The Western Electric model 500 telephone series was the standard domestic desk telephone set issued by the Bell System in North America from 1950 through...

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open standard, open-source framework introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 to standardize the way artificial...

The standard linear solid (SLS), also known as the Zener model after Clarence Zener, is a method of modeling the behavior of a viscoelastic material using...

philosophy (work on the liar paradox), and in a different setting, non-standard analysis. In 1917, Dmitry Mirimanoff introduced the concept of well-foundedness...

said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q}...

If there is a set that is a standard model (see inner model) of ZFC set theory, then there is a minimal standard model (see Constructible universe)....

Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing...

Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers...

In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing...