Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is...

{\displaystyle G^{*}+M\to M^{+\bullet }+e^{-}+G} Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an ionization potential lower than the internal energy...

the asterisk) interacts with B to form the ion AB+. Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules...

many different ionization techniques used for mass spectrometry. Penning ionization Associative ionization Charge-exchange ionization Auger effect Jozef...

curves. Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect...

to produce analyte ions. Analytes with low ionization energy may be ionized directly. The DART ionization process can produce positive or negative ions...

Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons...

atoms then can ionize the quench gas particles by energy transfer via collisions; known as the Penning effect. A very common Penning mixture of about...

There are two subtypes of cold-cathode ionization gauges: the Penning gauge (invented by Frans Michel Penning), and the inverted magnetron, also called...

energy storage device Penning gauge, vacuum gauge Penning ionization, form of ionization Penning mixture, a gas mixture Pony penning, annual pony roundup...

An ionization instability is any one of a category of plasma instabilities which is mediated by electron-impact ionization. In the most general sense...

Ambient ionization is a form of ionization in which ions are formed in an ion source outside the mass spectrometer without sample preparation or separation...

avalanches. This combination of gases is known as a Penning mixture and makes use of the Penning ionization effect. The modern halogen-filled G–M tube was...

for the Van der Pol oscillator, and Frans Michel Penning, known for Penning ionization and the Penning mixture. In 1908 he became a geprüfter Fachlehrer...

mass spectrometers and other types of instruments. In comparison to Penning ionization sources, the duoplasmatron features advantages such as less expenditure...

temperatures are usually needed to sustain ionization, which is a defining feature of a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature...

electrospray ionization (ESI) and Koichi Tanaka for the development of soft laser desorption (SLD) and their application to the ionization of biological...

were first explored by F. M. Penning (1894–1953), who observed that electrons released by the cathode of an ionization vacuum gauge follow a long cycloidal...

mass spectrometer. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) was the first liquid-based ambient ionization MS method. DESI employed a spray of charged...

decrease in electrostatic charge on a metal conductor in an ionization chamber, due to ionization of the air in the chamber by radiation. It was invented...

VIII > VII at long distance, the Penning ionization pathway or associative ionization are possible: Penning ionization : Rg * + RX → Rg + RX+ + e− with...

equivalent of the binding energy Eb. Taking the simplest case of complete ionization of all electrons, for a nuclide X of atomic number Z, A r ( X ) = A r...

molecules. She transferred her speciality to chemistry, and worked on Penning ionization. During her graduate degree, she started to work with IBM in San Jose...

xenon, the discharge ionizes xenon directly due to most energy of the electrons being spent on direct ionization of xenon. Penning mixtures are used where...

atmospheric pressure ionization sources, including ESI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and various ambient ionization sources. The ions...

evaporated solid, or a solution (liquid) are ionized. For atomic IBD, electron ionization, field ionization (Penning ion source) or cathodic arc sources are...

through the gas they leave ionization trails. The alcohol vapor condenses around gaseous ion trails left behind by the ionizing particles. This occurs because...

that star.) At some point the shell of ionization from each star in a galaxy begin to overlap and the ionization frontier pushes out into the intergalatic...

containing solid sodium and a small amount of neon and argon gas in a Penning mixture to start the gas discharge. The discharge tube may be linear (SLI...

(AEgIS Collaboration) (July 2020). "Rydberg-positronium velocity and self-ionization studies in a 1T magnetic field and cryogenic environment". Physical Review...