Upper-atmospheric models are simulations of the Earth's atmosphere between 20 and 100 km (65,000 and 328,000 feet) that comprises the stratosphere, mesosphere...

methods. Atmospheric reanalysis Climate model Numerical weather prediction Upper-atmospheric models Static atmospheric model Chemistry transport model "Thermotropic...

Standard Atmosphere NASA GSFC Atmospheric Models overview Various models at NASA GSFC ModelWeb Earth Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Earth-GRAM 2010)...

Upper-atmospheric lightning and ionospheric lightning are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown...

responders. The atmospheric dispersion models are also known as atmospheric diffusion models, air dispersion models, air quality models, and air pollution...

ARPEGE-Climat) combine the two models. The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the...

by models and observations from satellites. One important current trend is using atmospheric chemistry as part of Earth system models. These models integrate...

oceans). In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical...

Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with...

development. Atmospheric thermodynamics forms a basis for cloud microphysics and convection parameterizations used in numerical weather models and is used...

Modern GCM models and observations are often enhanced by looking at past ancient climates. In a model where Venus is assumed to have an atmospheric mass similar...

Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to...

(classical element) Atmospheric science Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Airglow Airshed Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Climate...

Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space. A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape;...

Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These...

height atmospheric tides have much larger amplitudes in the middle and upper atmosphere than they do at ground level. The largest amplitude atmospheric tides...

of Atmospheric Radiation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 31–41. ISBN 978-3-527-40503-9. Petty, Grant W. (2006). "6.4.3 Simple Radiative Models of...

Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation...

Atmospheric convection is the vertical transport of heat and moisture in the atmosphere. It occurs when warmer, less dense air rises, while cooler, denser...

determine the growth rate of the daisies. The planet has a negligible atmospheric greenhouse, so its surface temperature is simply determined by... [the...

(2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, 381 p. ISBN 978-1-4020-8530-7 Makkonen, L. (2000) Models for the...

coupling the two models the grids are aligned and the ocean coastline is forced to be aligned to the atmospheric grid. The atmospheric model is run for a...

models. This will be valuable to improve knowledge about the processes occurring in the upper troposphere/ lower stratosphere (UT/LS), and the model treatment...

biosphere model, is used to model the biosphere of Earth, and can be coupled with atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) for modelling the entire...

increased and newer atmospheric models have been developed to take advantage of the added available computing power. These newer models include more physical...

Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of...

study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and...

An atmospheric river (AR) is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Other names for this phenomenon are tropical plume...

formation" "A Statistical Analysis of STEVE" "How Did We Miss This? An Upper Atmospheric Discovery Named STEVE" "First Observations From the TREx Spectrograph:...

upper air soundings, and optionally, data from on-site instrument towers. It then calculates atmospheric parameters needed by the dispersion model, such...