The quantization of the electromagnetic field is a procedure in physics turning Maxwell's classical electromagnetic waves into particles called photons...

specifically the quantization of the electromagnetic field and the development of quantum electrodynamics. The empirical investigation of electromagnetism is at...

In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell...

infinite degrees of freedom is field quantization, as in the "quantization of the electromagnetic field", referring to photons as field "quanta" (for instance...

quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force...

compute the coefficient of spontaneous emission of an atom. Paul Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an ensemble of harmonic...

light requires the quantization of the electromagnetic field for a proper description and thus is a direct measure of the particle nature of light. In classical...

theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field...

mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In this...

amount of energy is radiated. However, unlike Einstein, Bohr stuck to the classical Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic field. Quantization of the electromagnetic...

levels within an atom. Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of energy and its influence...

the quantization of the motion of particles, leaving the electromagnetic field classical, hence the name quantum mechanics. Later the electromagnetic...

Quantum control Optical phase space Optical physics Optics Quantization of the electromagnetic field Two-state quantum system Spinplasmonics Valleytronics...

with the process in which "particles" are actually created: spontaneous emission. Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an...

quantization contributes towards magnetic susceptibility of metals, known as Landau diamagnetism. Under strong magnetic fields, Landau quantization leads...

companion concept of second quantization converts classical field equations in to quantum field equations. However, this need not be the case. In particular,...

Rañada, Antonio F. (31 October 1995). "A Model of Topological Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field". In M. Ferrero; Alwyn van der Merwe (eds.). Fundamental...

physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s...

the lowest energy state (the ground state) of the electromagnetic field when the fields are quantized. When the Planck constant is hypothetically allowed...

An electromagnetic cavity is a cavity that acts as a container for electromagnetic fields such as photons, in effect containing their wave function inside...

canonical quantization) may be called perturbative quantization schemes. At present some of these methods lead to the most precise experimental tests of gauge...

of freedom in an electromagnetic field configuration has a separately measurable effect on the motions of test charges in the vicinity. These "field strength"...

Positronium Precision tests of QED QED vacuum QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter Quantization of the electromagnetic field Scalar electrodynamics...

considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is...

the universe, then all electric charge in the universe must be quantized (Dirac quantization condition). The electric charge is, in fact, quantized,...

photons in presence of a surface or a nanostructure. This method allows one to investigate time-varying nanoscale electromagnetic fields in an electron microscope...

Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Quantization of the electromagnetic field Minimal coupling Scalar field theory Status of special relativity...

quantization of the electromagnetic field for its explanation. The Casimir effect, where the ground state of the quantized electromagnetic field causes attraction...

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space...

determines the correct classical quantity to quantize in a general system up to an additive constant. This quantization condition is often known as the Wilson–Sommerfeld...