two possible conical refractions, one internal and one external. For internal refraction, there are 4 directions, and for external refraction, there are...

(double refraction) of "Iceland crystal" (transparent calcite), on the assumption that the secondary waves are spherical for the ordinary refraction (which...

crystals is covered in the following sections: double refraction, rotary polarization, conical refraction, absorption and pleochroism, luminescence, fluorescence...

disputes with Hamilton. In 1832, Hamilton published a prediction of conical refraction. In 1833, MacCullagh claimed that it is a special case of a theorem...

would emerge as a hollow cone of rays. This discovery was known as conical refraction. Hamilton found it from the geometry of the wave surface introduced...

Birefringence, also called double refraction, is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation...

only the ordinary refraction in the second, while the extraordinary ray emerging from the first suffers only the extraordinary refraction in the second....

physicists. The younger Lloyd is known for experimentally verifying conical refraction, a theoretical prediction made by William Rowan Hamilton about the...

Dublin from 1831 to 1843. Lloyd is known for experimentally verifying conical refraction, a theoretical prediction made by William Rowan Hamilton about the...

spherical, instead of conical, the condition is referred to as lentiglobus. It produces a decrease in visual acuity and irregular refraction that cannot be corrected...

silicone hydrogel lenses. A soft lens has a tendency to conform to the conical shape of the cornea, thus diminishing its effect. To counter this, hybrid...

exceeded. Refraction is generally accompanied by partial reflection. When waves are refracted from a medium of lower propagation speed (higher refractive index)...

polarization is deviated by different refraction only: Rochon prism Sénarmont prism Both polarizations are deviated by refraction: Wollaston prism Nomarski prism...

characteristics, in particular in understanding the phenomenon of conical refraction. He and Richard Burt Melrose pioneered the study of paired Lagrangian...

transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while...

{c^{2}z^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-c^{2}w^{2}}}=0} They are used in the treatment of conical refractions. Bateman, H. (1910), "Kummer's quartic surface as a wave surface...

interface between a medium with refractive index n1 and a second medium with refractive index n2, both reflection and refraction of the light may occur. The...

'brilliant' is also used for a diamond cut in this fashion. The underside is conical, a shape that provides maximal light return through the top of the diamond...

the prediction of a new phenomenon called The Cherenkov analogue of conical refraction. A surprising system of intersecting Cherenkov rings in a biaxial...

creating bubbles or nodes where the plastic has a different index of refraction. Glass block bubblegrams of Russian origin entered international commerce...

been well documented. There is a significant increase in the cycloplegic refraction as well as corneal thickness measurements in RK corneas exposed to high...

the permeability and n ( ω ) {\displaystyle n(\omega )} is the index of refraction of the material the charged particle moves through. q {\displaystyle q}...

a lens is often described in terms of pencils of rays. In addition to conical and cylindrical pencils, optics deals with astigmatic pencils as well....

Scattering albedo equations have yet to be determined in elliptical, toroidal, conical, and many others. Derivation and solutions to such equations is a field...

after which further restoration work took place. In 1875, the tower's conical roof was destroyed during a storm. It remained without this roof for the...

simple lenses of equal power, and so will not correct refraction problems like astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right...

oil using the refraction seismic method in 1924. The 1924 discovery of the Orchard salt dome in Texas led to a boom in seismic refraction exploration along...

line or a boundary between optical mediums with a low and high index of refraction, like at a glass surface. The reflected waves cause standing waves in...

works were carried out by the Board's workers under his inspection. The conical tower of cut granite was painted white. The original light was a fixed...

of pursuit will affect the fish's perception of the bird due to light refraction in the water. It is thought that these tigerfish will pursue the bird...