Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic...

Electron capture ionization is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A − {\displaystyle...

stripped of a single electron, and e− is the removed electron. Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic...

solution for the ionization rate is possible. Tunnel ionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have enough...

by the electron beam ion trap. Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create...

chemistry. Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions, which subsequently react with analyte...

atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential...

is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical...

complete seal). Electron ionization Ionization gauge Vacuum R. T. Bayard and D. Alpert, "Extension of the Low Pressure Range of the Ionization Gauge" Rev....

observed as variations in the ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules, by photoionization, electron ionization and other methods. As examples...

manufacturers. The "hard ionization" process of electron ionization can be softened by the cooling of the molecules before their ionization, resulting in mass...

enough energy per individual photon or particle to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel up to 99% of the...

Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example...

of electron capture ionization. The electron affinity is positive when energy is released on electron capture. In solid state physics, the electron affinity...

the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ionization energy for...

process are ionized. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen...

which each type utilises. The three basic types of gaseous ionization detectors are 1) ionization chambers, 2) proportional counters, and 3) Geiger–Müller...

identities. The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the...

In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom...

The degree of ionization (also known as ionization yield in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous...

molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from...

break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted)...

Japanese and it includes six types of spectra: laser Raman spectra, electron ionization mass spectra (EI-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra...

for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are...

desorption/ionization from a flat surface of target plate or, in other implementation, pulsed electron ionization or Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization in...

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), also known as surface ionization, is a highly sensitive isotope mass spectrometry characterization technique...

molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required...

Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary...

In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure...

Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is...