A number of different Markov models of DNA sequence evolution have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to...

substitution model, also called models of sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary...

pyrimidine or vice versa (A ↔ C, A ↔ T, G ↔ C, and G ↔ T). Models of DNA evolution Substitution model Zvelebil, Marketa J. (2008). Understanding bioinformatics...

multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa"...

examples include: Phylogenetics and bioinformatics, where most models of DNA evolution use continuous-time Markov chains to describe the nucleotide present...

clustering Models of DNA evolution Molecular clock Sokal, Michener (1958). "A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships". University of Kansas...

kernel, the equivalent of a stochastic matrix over a continuous state space Matrix difference equation Models of DNA evolution Muirhead's inequality Probabilistic...

community Models of DNA evolution – Mathematical models of changing DNA Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular...

one-parameter model, and the Kimura two-parameter model (see Models of DNA evolution). The fourth stage consists of various methods of tree building,...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪ-/ ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form...

interactions of DNA. Whereas molecular models of DNA molecules such as closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic or metal wires for skeletal models are...

evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors...

(April 1979). "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (4): 1967–1971...

Intelligence Michael Kearns (computer scientist) MinHash Mixture model Mlpy Models of DNA evolution Moral graph Mountain car problem Movidius Multi-armed bandit...

potassium channel (K2P), a family of cell membrane leak channels Kimura's two parameter model (K2P model), a model of DNA evolution Centretown (postal code K2P)...

2002). "A Reanalysis of the Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Recovered from Neandertal Bones". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (8): 1359–1366. doi:10...

Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Models of DNA evolution Molecular evolution Neutral theory of molecular evolution Glottochronology Zuckerkandl E, Pauling...

molecular evolution literature. For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage. Such models also include effects of selection...

defects in DNA repair that have caused phenotypes marked by elevated mutation rates. The most notable adaptation reported so far is the evolution of aerobic...

chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus (e.g., double stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, or single stranded DNA), viruses...

Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional...

in 1993–4. The models he developed for combined analysis of heterogeneous data are later known as partition models and mixture models. Together with Nick...

Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually...

divides through mitosis, the DNA is copied, so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA sequence. A portion of a DNA molecule that specifies...

In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological...

location is encoded as a substitution model. The same phylogenetic machinery that is used to infer models of DNA evolution can thus be used to infer geographic...

The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella – (eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal) each...

Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past (First ed.). New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1101870334. "Analysis of ancient DNA data...

2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 57 (10): 2197–2215...

Molecular evolution describes how inherited DNA and/or RNA change over evolutionary time, and the consequences of this for proteins and other components of cells...