A number of different Markov models of DNA sequence evolution have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to...

substitution model, also called models of sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary...

multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa"...

pyrimidine or vice versa (A ↔ C, A ↔ T, G ↔ C, and G ↔ T). Models of DNA evolution Substitution model Zvelebil, Marketa J. (2008). Understanding bioinformatics...

examples include: Phylogenetics and bioinformatics, where most models of DNA evolution use continuous-time Markov chains to describe the nucleotide present...

clustering Models of DNA evolution Molecular clock Sokal, Michener (1958). "A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships". University of Kansas...

kernel, the equivalent of a stochastic matrix over a continuous state space Matrix difference equation Models of DNA evolution Muirhead's inequality Probabilistic...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪ-/ ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form...

community Models of DNA evolution – Mathematical models of changing DNA Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular...

interactions of DNA. Whereas molecular models of DNA molecules such as closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic or metal wires for skeletal models are...

one-parameter model, and the Kimura two-parameter model (see Models of DNA evolution). The fourth stage consists of various methods of tree building,...

Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Models of DNA evolution Molecular evolution Neutral theory of molecular evolution Glottochronology Zuckerkandl E, Pauling...

molecular evolution literature. For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage. Such models also include effects of selection...

potassium channel (K2P), a family of cell membrane leak channels Kimura's two parameter model (K2P model), a model of DNA evolution Centretown (postal code K2P)...

(April 1979). "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (4): 1967–1971...

evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors...

models of complex dynamic systems. Grey-box models are intermediate and combine black-box and white-box approaches. Creation of a white-box model of complex...

Intelligence Michael Kearns (computer scientist) MinHash Mixture model Mlpy Models of DNA evolution Moral graph Mountain car problem Movidius Multi-armed bandit...

2002). "A Reanalysis of the Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Recovered from Neandertal Bones". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (8): 1359–1366. doi:10...

chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus (e.g., double stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, or single stranded DNA), viruses...

Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional...

timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history of life...

Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually...

location is encoded as a substitution model. The same phylogenetic machinery that is used to infer models of DNA evolution can thus be used to infer geographic...

substitution matrix such as that derived from the Jukes–Cantor model of DNA evolution. The least-squares criterion applied to these distances is more...

Infinite sites model (ISM) is a mathematical model of molecular evolution first proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1969. Like other mutation models, the ISM provides...

model of DNA evolution. The distance correction is only necessary in practice when the evolution rates differ among branches. Another modification of...

of DNA present. Ancient DNA Ancient protein Archaeogenetics Fossils Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup Models of DNA...

A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures...

known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring the results of genetic...