In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and...

Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (cavity QED) is the study of the interaction between light confined in a reflective cavity and atoms or other particles...

Circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) provides a means of studying the fundamental interaction between light and matter (quantum optics). As in...

the electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Stochastic electrodynamics combines two conventional classical ideas – electromagnetism...

out of the quantum field. The QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (or QED) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. QED originated...

American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant...

areas of quantum field theory that require deeper derivation from theoretical bases. Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED)...

symmetries appeared first in the relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons – quantum electrodynamics, elaborated on below. Today, gauge theories are...

the 1940s and 1950s, leading to the introduction of renormalized quantum electrodynamics (QED). The field theory behind QED was so accurate and successful...

English, was a Japanese physicist, influential in the development of quantum electrodynamics, work for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics...

but are instead a classical limit of the more precise theory of quantum electrodynamics. Gauss's law describes the relationship between an electric field...

for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled...

calcite crystal. Atoms are deformed into long cylinders thinner than the quantum-relativistic de Broglie wavelength of an electron." In a field of about...

that classical electrodynamics is already consistent with special relativity, and extended classical electrodynamics to work with quantum mechanics. Albert...

rest of his life, and was solved in quantum electrodynamics and its successor, the Standard Model. (See § Quantum field theory and § As a gauge boson...

between light and electrons, culminating in the first quantum field theory—quantum electrodynamics. A major theoretical obstacle soon followed with the...

of its definitions, the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) provides a way to measure α directly using the quantum Hall effect or the anomalous magnetic...

relativistic quantum theory work led him to explore quantum theories of radiation, culminating in quantum electrodynamics, the first quantum field theory...

matched the conservation of electric charge.: 198  As the theory of quantum electrodynamics developed in the 1930s and 1940s the U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)}...

complete quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics, provides a fully quantum description of the electromagnetic interaction. Quantum electrodynamics is...

strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics which is a quantum field theory. The physical phenomena that electromagnetism...

that became quantum electrodynamics. Over the following decades this work evolved into quantum field theory, the basis for modern quantum optics and particle...

to be one of the founders of quantum mechanics. Dirac laid the foundations for both quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He was the Lucasian...

computed in perturbation theory: The one-loop beta function in quantum electrodynamics (QED) is β ( e ) = e 3 12 π 2   , {\displaystyle \beta (e)={\frac...

electromagnetic interactions. Quantum electrodynamics is the theory of how EMR interacts with matter on an atomic level. Quantum effects provide additional...

required the use of quantum mechanics, specifically the quantization of the electromagnetic field and the development of quantum electrodynamics. The empirical...

rigorous mathematics that makes quantum electrodynamics possible. Physicists have objected to Chopra's use of terms from quantum physics. For example, he was...

wave property depends on the detailed structure of each grating. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) offers another derivation of the properties of a diffraction...

Non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics (NRQED) is a low-energy approximation of quantum electrodynamics which describes the interaction of (non-relativistic...

extended the concept of gauge theory for abelian groups, e.g. quantum electrodynamics, to nonabelian groups to provide an explanation for strong interactions...