The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information...

the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing...

A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic...

In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt messages sent to that user—is a pair of large prime numbers...

Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical...

In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating...

In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend...

Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer...

Geheimfernschreiber Photographs of Sturgeon Entry for "Sturgeon" in the Government Code and Cypher School Cryptographic Dictionary Bletchley Park's Sturgeon...

Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted...

In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data...

sender known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions...

future. As of 2022[update], the U.S. federal government has proposed a roadmap for organizations to start migrating toward quantum-cryptography-resistant...

communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946. Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke was...

The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers....

probabilistic for square root of a quadratic residue modulo a prime. Menezes, Oorschot, Vanstone, Scott: Handbook of Applied Cryptography (free PDF downloads)...

components of the daily key, which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read German Enigma messages starting from January 1933. Over time, the German cryptographic procedures...

In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can...

Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC...

history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper...

In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a cipher that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined...

returns a fixed length of bits. Although hash algorithms, especially cryptographic hash algorithms, have been created with the intent of being collision resistant...

The Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is the IETF's standard for cryptographically protected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols...

algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys...

advantage of steganography over cryptography alone is that the intended secret message does not attract attention to itself as an object of scrutiny....

has a RIPEMD-160 function. RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other...

fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid. The Pigpen cipher offers little cryptographic security. It...

Lattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself...

can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful for telegraphy, steganography, and cryptography. The device was originally used for fire...

Fortuna is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CS-PRNG) devised by Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson and published in 2003. It is...