physics, background field method is a useful procedure to calculate the effective action of a quantum field theory by expanding a quantum field around a...

nearly the only exponents of field theory,: 454  but in 1951 he found a way around the problem of the infinities with a new method using external sources as...

applied his super-many-time theory and a relativistic method based on the non-relativistic method of Wolfgang Pauli and Fierz to greatly speed up and clarify...

classical waves of the field travel at the speed of light. More unsolved problems in physics Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding...

Gauge theories may be quantized by specialization of methods which are applicable to any quantum field theory. However, because of the subtleties imposed...

agreement for the value of α, as measured by these different methods. The preferred methods in 2019 are measurements of electron anomalous magnetic moments...

In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy...

a free field is a field without interactions, which is described by the terms of motion and mass. In classical physics, a free field is a field whose equations...

located in Lancaster University Background field method, a procedure to calculate the effective action of a quantum field theory Bacterial flagellar motor...

made systematic. Although this method is not sufficiently concrete to allow the actual construction of effective field theories, the gross understanding...

In physics, specifically field theory and particle physics, the Proca action describes a massive spin-1 field of mass m in Minkowski spacetime. The corresponding...

fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons...

{\displaystyle \phi } line could be attached. This is very similar to the background field method which can also be used to calculate the effective action. Alternatively...

correlation functions in non-vanishing background fields. For partition functions with Grassmann valued fermion fields, the sources are also Grassmann valued...

Wheeler–DeWitt equation for theoretical physics and applied mathematics, is a field equation attributed to John Archibald Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt. The equation...

This method was further used by Paul Dirac in the context of quantum field theory, in his construction of quantum electrodynamics. In the field theory...

formulated quantum field theories in curved spacetime. These theories rely on general relativity to describe a curved background spacetime, and define...

divergences connected with particles of zero rest mass, and described a general method known as the KLN theorem for dealing with these divergences, which still...

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect (or Casimir force) is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises...

The Standard Model of particle physics is a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)...

In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function or Gell-Mann–Low function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter...

as the wave number approaches zero or infinity. As mentioned above, this method is expected to be valid only when ν > π c / a 0 {\displaystyle \nu >\pi...

quantum field theory and are meant to provide a basis for rigorous treatment of quantum fields and strict foundation for the perturbative methods used....

Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, statistical field theory, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures,...

quantum field theory, it is known as canonical quantization, in which the fields (typically as the wave functions of matter) are thought of as field operators...

to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is still flourishing, as are applications of its methods to many physical problems. It remains one...

made about the cosmic microwave background. For the electroweak model, as explained earlier, a component of the Higgs field provides the order parameter...

processor Foreground-background segmentation, a method for studying change blindness using photographs with distinct foreground and background scenery Foreground...

action, such that methods such as Feynman diagrams will be applicable by adding ghost fields which break the gauge symmetry. The ghost fields do not correspond...

In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field is a four-vector field characterizing the propagation of gluons in the strong interaction between quarks...