The electron-cloud effect is a phenomenon that occurs in particle accelerators and reduces the quality of the particle beam. Electron clouds are created...

with more than one electron. The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference...

The Auger effect (/oʊˈʒeɪ/; French pronunciation: [ˈ/o.ʒe/]) or Meitner-Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which atoms eject electrons. It occurs...

mesomeric effect. Covalent bonds can be polarized depending on the relative electronegativity of the two atoms forming the bond. The electron cloud in a σ-bond...

Electro-optic effect (nonlinear optics) Electrocaloric effect (cooling technology) (heat pumps) Electron-cloud effect (particle accelerators) (physics) Electroviscous...

photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. Electrons emitted in this...

his work on the cloud chamber (the same year as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). The diffusion cloud chamber was developed...

in matter. In this model, the electron cloud of an atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product...

the electrons back toward the plate. This tube was called the pentode. Electron-cloud effect Malter effect Sputtering R. Kollath, Secondary electron emission...

while using a Wilson cloud chamber in order to study the Compton effect, Skobeltsyn detected particles that acted like electrons but curved in the opposite...

avalanche effect was discovered by John Sealy Townsend in his work between 1897 and 1901, and is also known as the Townsend discharge. Electron avalanches...

screening effect of the inner shells The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron In the...

that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion effect may occur for one (or both) of two reasons. One is that the...

Electron–positron annihilation occurs when an electron (e− ) and a positron (e+ , the electron's antiparticle) collide. At low energies, the result of...

The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. It is a fundamental particle that...

determined by its electron cloud. Cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of the electron cloud. One particular...

An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net...

(which may also be understood as a cloud of phonons) is known as a polaron (in part because the interaction between electron and lattice is via a polarization)...

the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud. A nucleus that has a different number of protons than neutrons...

microelectronics because electrons tunnel readily through insulating layers and transistors that are thinner than about 1 nm. The effect was predicted in the...

Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding...

and its antiparticle from a neutral boson. Examples include creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton....

called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known...

The free electrons are referred to as conduction electrons, and the cloud of free electrons is called a Fermi gas. Many metals have electron and hole...

to the shielding effect, the electric fields of ions in conducting solids are further reduced by the cloud of conduction electrons. Consider a fluid...

its single electron (and hence, very small electron cloud), which is close to the nucleus. Likewise, since there are not any other electrons that may cause...

is sufficient to cause electrons to "boil" away from the surface atoms and surround the metal object in a cloud of free electrons. This is called thermionic...

Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction...

Pan, Shuaihang; Zhang, Zhinan (2017). "Triboelectric effect: A new perspective on electron transfer process". Journal of Applied Physics. 122 (14):...

ionized hydrogen content of gas clouds. Since it takes nearly as much energy to excite the hydrogen atom's electron from n = 1 to n = 3 (12.1 eV, via...