An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when...

A gas electron multiplier (GEM) is a type of gaseous ionization detector used in nuclear and particle physics and radiation detection. All gaseous ionization...

region is created. Examples of MPGDs include the microstrip gas chamber, the gas electron multiplier and the Micromegas detector. The main advantages of MPGDs...

mining Geminal, in chemistry Gemini (constellation), in astronomy Gas electron multiplier, a type of gaseous ionization detector German equatorial mount...

cathode strip chambers (CSC), resistive plate chambers (RPC), and Gas electron multiplier (GEM). The DTs are used for precise trajectory measurements in...

the charge carriers are ions, while in plasma, an ionized gas, they are ions and electrons. In the International System of Units (SI), electric current...

the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier, which essentially turns the ionized mass fragment into an electrical...

molecules using gas electron diffraction, liquids, surfaces using lower energy electrons, a technique called LEED, and by reflecting electrons off surfaces...

with either just a Frisch grid or an active electron-multiplication element like a gas electron multiplier. These newer TPCs also depart from the traditional...

pressure gas. The alternating electric field of the microwaves is set to be synchronous with the gyration period of the free electrons of the gas, and increases...

Large Hadron Collider, developing a new muon system called GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier), which can detect muons in the outermost layer of the CMS. Detecting...

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced [oʒe] in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally...

radiation hardness. Examples of MPGDs are the microstrip gas chamber, the gas electron multiplier and the micromegas detector. Geiger–Müller tubes are the...

making such developments superfluous. One variant called a "channel electron multiplier" does not use individual dynodes but consists of a curved tube, such...

a "gas in a box"). The ideal gas model has also been used to model the behavior of electrons in a metal (in the Drude model and the free electron model)...

process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons. Those...

a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron and a positive...

Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from...

(symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an...

Torr when used in tandem with an electron multiplier. OIS RGAs measure residual gas levels without affecting the gas composition of their vacuum environment...

electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. It may...

cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent...

uniform electron gas, which can be obtained from the Thomas–Fermi model, and from fits to the correlation energy for a uniform electron gas. Non-interacting...

transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected. Everyday examples of gas ionization occur within a fluorescent lamp or...

by a mechanism capable of detecting charged particles, such as an electron multiplier. Results are displayed as spectra of the signal intensity of detected...

"environmental" cells with water or atmospheric gas, in conjunction with conventional and scanning transmission types of electron microscopes. However, the first images...

signals. With an electron multiplier, an impact of a single ion starts off an electron cascade, resulting in a pulse of 108 electrons, which is recorded...

electrode toward the electron multiplier, where electrons are multiplied by the process of secondary emission. The electron multiplier consists of a number...

engines. Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization...

releases additional electrons which accelerate and collide with further atoms, releasing more electrons—a chain reaction. In a gas, this causes the affected...