The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted...

chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The...

recalculated. This allows for possible known-plaintext attacks when combined with knowledge of the underlying plaintext structure. As the first three bytes...

vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack. The slide attack is closely related to the related-key attack. The idea of the slide attack has roots in a paper...

The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known-plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that rely...

While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has...

becoming "plaintext" input for the next. Insecure handling of plaintext can introduce weaknesses into a cryptosystem by letting an attacker bypass the...

minutes or seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified...

known-plaintext attack based on the non-uniform distribution of the outputs of pairs of adjacent S-boxes. It works by collecting many known plaintext/ciphertext...

produced from stolen plaintext and intercepted ciphertext, and as such qualify for their classification as a known-plaintext attack. However, as knowledge...

space and, in some situations, with a comparison test value (see known plaintext attack). Output consists of a signal that the IC has found an answer and...

especially when the attempted crack depends on successfully seeding a known-plaintext attack, which often requires an inspired guess based on how specific the...

dialled digit), there is a known-plaintext attack using 40 to 80 known plaintexts. For 2-byte blocks, 4 known plaintexts suffice. The "improved" CMEA...

000 was offered for the best attack on one round of REDOC-II, and $20,000 for the best practical known-plaintext attack. REDOC III is a more efficient...

plaintexts that give equal intermediate values in the encryption process. He presented both a chosen-plaintext attack and a known-plaintext attack; each...

Unfortunately, this approach is vulnerable to the meet-in-the-middle attack: given a known plaintext pair ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} , such that y = E K 2...

key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted...

can also include known plaintext attacks where both the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext are known. While active attackers can interact with...

variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive. The attack relies on having...

port 587 was assigned as the SMTP submission port, but was initially in plaintext, with encryption eventually provided years later by the STARTTLS extension...

Systems Laboratory. Matsui, M. & Yamagishi, A. "A new method for known plaintext attack of FEAL cipher". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 1992. Wu, Shengbao;...

1993; 1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 247 known plaintexts. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested...

cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of...

XOR operator in any of these ciphers is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also...

of the attack requires 250 known plaintexts, has a computational complexity of 250, and has a 51% success rate. There have also been attacks proposed...

Meddler-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacker removes the STARTTLS capability from the server response, they can easily downgrade the connection to plaintext. "Manipulator-in-the-middle...

British at Hut 8 used Hollerith machinery to gain some knowledge of Known-plaintext attack cribs used by encrypted German messages. IBM 402 and 403, from 1948...

(2023-03-17). "Tests for Random Number Generators". Marina Pudovkina, A known plaintext attack on the ISAAC keystream generator, 2001, Cryptology ePrint Archive:...

Greenough, Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin C-52 and similar machines a known plaintext attack, Cryptologia, 23(2), July 1999, pp139–156. Louis Kruh, The Hagelin...

messages, such as "I have the honor to inform your excellency" (see known plaintext attack). Later versions of JN-25 were introduced: JN-25c from 28 May 1942...