Large-signal modeling is a common analysis method used in electronic engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations...

A large language model (LLM) is a language model trained with self-supervised machine learning on a vast amount of text, designed for natural language...

Small-signal modeling is a common analysis technique in electronics engineering used to approximate the behavior of electronic circuits containing nonlinear...

Computer models such as those used in SPICE use the collector–base voltage VCB. The Early effect can be accounted for in small-signal circuit models (such...

In statistics, econometrics, and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it can be used...

small-signal circuit at the Q-point as the real diode. When more accuracy is desired in modelling the diode's turn-on characteristic, the model can be...

current-independent in the Ebers–Moll model. The hybrid-pi model is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal and AC behavior of bipolar junction...

conscious intent. Mathematical models describe how signalling can contribute to an evolutionarily stable strategy. Signals are given in contexts such as...

suppressing signals instead. Populations of interconnected neurons that are smaller than neural networks are called neural circuits. Very large interconnected...

categories of transistor models are used in LNA design: Small-signal models use quasi-linear models of noise and large-signal models consider non-linear mixing...

based on this model to reduce the noise in the resulting image. Graph signal processing generalizes signal processing tasks to signals living on non-Euclidean...

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides...

circuit elements. An advantage of small signal models is they can be solved directly, while large signal nonlinear models are generally solved iteratively,...

business, and financial markets. In Spence's job-market signaling model, (potential) employees send a signal about their ability level to the employer by acquiring...

is the variation of signal attenuation over variables like time, geographical position, and radio frequency. Fading is often modeled as a random process...

conflated as well. A generative algorithm models how the data was generated in order to categorize a signal. It asks the question: based on my generation...

For basic considerations of the strength of a signal returned by a given target, the radar equation models the target as a single point in space with a...

customers of other models complained about the lack of the turn signal stalk, the 2025 Model Y refresh keeps the traditional turn signal stalk. On January...

A radio-controlled model (or RC model) is a model that is steerable with the use of radio control (RC). All types of model vehicles have had RC systems...

Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values...

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background...

which model the synapses in the brain. Each artificial neuron receives signals from connected neurons, then processes them and sends a signal to other...

distillation or model distillation is the process of transferring knowledge from a large model to a smaller one. While large models (such as very deep...

current using standard MOS transistor models. Therefore, to derive a set of equations that model the large signal operation of an FGMOS device, it is necessary...

signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling...

and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are...

a loudspeaker driver, as measured at small signal levels, used in the equivalent electrical circuit models. Some of these values are neither easy nor...

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Proteins responsible...

Later variations have been widely adopted for training large language models (LLMs) on large (language) datasets. The modern version of the transformer...

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the use of digital processing, such as by computers or more specialized digital signal processors, to perform a wide...