In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed...

Misuse of p-values is common in scientific research and scientific education. p-values are often used or interpreted incorrectly; the American Statistical...

The harmonic mean p-value (HMP) is a statistical technique for addressing the multiple comparisons problem that controls the strong-sense family-wise...

alternative to p-values, addressing some shortcomings of the latter. In contrast to p-values, e-values can deal with optional continuation: e-values of subsequent...

In statistics, a generalized p-value is an extended version of the classical p-value, which except in a limited number of applications, provides only...

problem is that p-value of an optionally stopped statistical test is larger than what it seems. Intuitively, this is because the p-value is supposed to...

deviation is unknown. It is also used along with p-value when running hypothesis tests where the p-value tells us what the odds are of the results to have...

testing, the q-value in the Storey procedure provides a means to control the positive false discovery rate (pFDR). Just as the p-value gives the expected...

{\displaystyle p} -adic absolute value results in the p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} . Let p be a prime number. The p-adic valuation of an integer...

{\displaystyle X_{2k}^{2}=-2\sum _{i=1}^{k}\ln p_{i},} where pi is the p-value for the ith hypothesis test. When the p-values tend to be small, the test statistic...

In economics, economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent, and value for money represents an assessment...

critical value, the results are considered statistically significant. The corresponding probability of exceeding the critical value is depicted as p < 0.05...

so the result is a (corrected) p-value. Thus they are susceptible to the same misinterpretation as any other p-value. The false positive risk is always...

absolute value on p-adic numbers: the p-adic absolute value of a nonzero p-adic number x is | x | p = p − v p ( x ) , {\displaystyle |x|_{p}=p^{-v_{p}(x)}...

hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis is true; and the p-value of a result, p {\displaystyle p} , is the probability of obtaining a result at least as...

because the significance of the deviation from a null hypothesis (e.g., p-value) can be calculated exactly, rather than relying on an approximation that...

In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do...

either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized...

p-value as had the original null hypothesis of “no difference.” Some researchers contend that reporting the counternull, in addition to the p-value,...

or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all...

distribution. Just as extreme values of the normal distribution have low probability (and give small p-values), extreme values of the chi-squared distribution...

group labels are exchangeable (i.e., are randomly assigned). The one-sided p-value of the test is calculated as the proportion of sampled permutations where...

names similar to Pearson χ-squared test or statistic are used. It is a p-value test. The setup is as follows: Before the experiment, the experimenter...

theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment)...

and P 1 … P m {\displaystyle P_{1}\ldots P_{m}} their corresponding p-values. We list these p-values in ascending order and denote them by P ( 1 ) … P (...

The R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive...

positive or negative. This index is numerically similar to the frequentist p-value. It is mathematically defined as the proportion of the posterior distribution...

you have m {\displaystyle m} p-values, sorted into order lowest-to-highest P 1 , … , P m {\displaystyle P_{1},\ldots ,P_{m}} , and their corresponding...

two-tailed p {\displaystyle p} -value is calculated as, p = ∑ i ∈ I Pr ( X = i ) = ∑ i ∈ I ( n i ) π 0 i ( 1 − π 0 ) n − i {\displaystyle p=\sum _{i\in...

equivalent to: mid-p-value = exact-p-value − ( n b ) 0.5 b ( 1 − 0.5 ) n − b {\displaystyle {\text{mid-p-value}}={\text{exact-p-value}}-{n \choose b}0.5^{b}(1-0...