thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol N) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental...

In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscle in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties...

where the total number of particles may not be preserved, the number operator is the observable that counts the number of particles. The following is...

and particles with a reservoir, so that various possible states of the system can differ in both their total energy and total number of particles. The...

A virtual particle is a theoretical transient particle that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, while having its existence limited...

physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a...

hypothesized microscopic particles in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmology. Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal...

In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model...

Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies...

mechanics, a Fock state or number state is a quantum state that is an element of a Fock space with a well-defined number of particles (or quanta). These states...

Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4...

temperature and entropy, pressure and volume, or chemical potential and particle number. In fact, all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate...

the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition...

in a collision of two particles. For example, the Rutherford cross-section is a measure of probability that an alpha particle will be deflected by a...

system is particle-transfer connected, by a particle-permeable boundary, to a constant-μ reservoir. The conjugate here is a constant particle number process...

of separate particles. When an ensemble describes a system of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually...

the same total energy and particle number. The system must remain totally isolated (unable to exchange energy or particles with its environment) in order...

as energy, charge or particle number. The equation arises not by analyzing the individual positions and momenta of each particle in the fluid but rather...

Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave...

In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with...

non-interacting identical particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibrium. The aggregation of particles in the same state...

A strange particle is an elementary particle with a strangeness quantum number different from zero. Strange particles are members of a large family of...

The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules,...

Particle number concentration, also particle number density, term used in thermodynamics related to Particle number Post-nut clarity PNC Center (disambiguation)...

complex number to each point x {\displaystyle x} at each time t {\displaystyle t} . The parameter m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of the particle, and V...

Particle agglomeration refers to the formation of assemblages in a suspension and represents a mechanism leading to the functional destabilization of colloidal...

In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours...

In particle physics, a boson (/ˈboʊzɒn/ /ˈboʊsɒn/) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). Bosons form...

the derivative is taken at fixed entropy ( S {\displaystyle S} ) and particle number ( N {\displaystyle N} ). The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa)...

In particle physics, particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple other particles. The particles...