In evolutionary biology, robustness of a biological system (also called biological or genetic robustness) is the persistence of a certain characteristic...

Look up Robustness, robustness, Robust, or robust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution...

low level of robustness. Thus, robustness reduces the amount of heritable genetic variation on which selection can act. However, robustness may allow exploration...

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes...

brow ridges and general robustness of males. Another important physiological change related to sexuality in humans was the evolution of hidden estrus. Humans...

computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution and cope with erroneous input. Robustness can encompass...

nature and robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited...

Recurrent evolution – The repeated evolution of a particular character Robustness (evolution) – Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions...

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the...

robustness. Neither canalisation nor robustness are simple quantities to quantify: it is always necessary to specify which trait is canalised (robust)...

Switzerland. He is known for his work on the role of robustness and innovation in biological evolution. Wagner is professor and chairman at the Department...

this is a minority usage. Plain 'robustness' to mean 'distributional robustness' is common. When considering how robust an estimator is to the presence...

the different categories of classes in order to ensure the robustness of the design. Robustness diagrams allow to visually represent the relation between...

In evolutionary computation, differential evolution (DE) is a method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with...

Cooperation Iterated prisoner's dilemma Tit for tat Ronald A. Heiner. Robust Evolution of Contingent Cooperation in Pure One-Shot Prisoners' Dilemmas. Discussion...

The evolution of the wolf occurred over a geologic time scale of at least 300 thousand years. The grey wolf Canis lupus is a highly adaptable species...

optimization algorithm. An EA uses mechanisms inspired by biological evolution, such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection. Candidate...

of Human Evolution. 46 (2): 119–162. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.11.004. PMID 14871560. McHenry, H. M. (1991). "Petite bodies of the "robust" australopithecines"...

of the evidence on which evolutionary theory rests, demonstrates that evolution does occur, and illustrates the processes that created Earth's biodiversity...

striking example of convergent evolution. There is now some dispute as to whether this smaller Euungulata is a cladistic (evolution-based) group, or merely a...

with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. These resemble snakes, but...

(October–December 1994). "Obstetric implications of Neanderthal robusticity and bone density". Human Evolution. 9 (4): 331–342. doi:10.1007/BF02435519. S2CID 86590348...

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book...

The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have begun in the Indian subcontinent from even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) 50 million years ago (mya) and...

The most recent understanding of the evolution of insects is based on studies of the following branches of science: molecular biology, insect morphology...

"Effects of population size and mutation rate on the evolution of mutational robustness". Evolution. 61 (3): 666–674. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00064...

in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011. PMID 31810775. Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family"...

Wagner; et al. (1 September 2003). "Perspective: Evolution and detection of genetic robustness". Evolution. 57 (9): 1959–1972. doi:10.1111/J.0014-3820.2003...

The Evolution of Cooperation is a 1984 book written by political scientist Robert Axelrod that expands upon a paper of the same name written by Axelrod...

23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant...