biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3'...

Look up downstream or upstream in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Upstream and downstream can refer to: Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative...

intracellular cascades. Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different...

molecules (receptors) Upstream collection, a set of NSA internet surveillance programs Upstream server Up the River (disambiguation) Downstream (disambiguation)...

flows Downstream (bioprocess), when a cell mass from an upstream process (isolated, grown and harvested) is further processed to meet purity and quality...

also upstream and downstream.) Directionality is related to, but different from, sense. Transcription of single-stranded RNA from a double-stranded DNA template...

TATA binding protein), TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. The preinitiation complex binds to promoter regions of DNA upstream to the gene that they regulate. Other...

promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA...

DMD DNA DNA bank DNA clone DNA cloning DNA fingerprint DNA glycosylase DNA gyrase DNA hybridization DNA ligase DNA marker DNA polymerase DNA probe DNA repair...

will be attached to the suffix of the desired upstream fragment and the prefix of the desired downstream fragments. Once the linkers are attached, Gibson...

nucleotide-long strands of DNA are removed both upstream and downstream of the damage site by endonucleases, and the removed DNA region is then resynthesized...

unwinds and pulls downstream DNA into the transcription complex to pass the nucleotides through the polymerase active site, thereby transcribing the DNA without...

promoter. The DNA downstream of position –20 was derived from the lac UV5 promoter. In the second hybrid promoter (tacII), the DNA upstream of position...

silencers are found, such as upstream of the promoter by many kilobase pairs, or even downstream within the intron of the gene. DNA looping is also a model...

short sequences of DNA which include the site where transcription is initiated and the region approximately 35 bp upstream or downstream from the initiation...

regions include initiator elements, downstream core promoter elements, CAAT box, and the GC box. Enhancers are DNA sequences found in 5′ flanking regions...

complex. TFIIB then binds to the TFIID-TFIIA-DNA complex through interactions both upstream and downstream of the TATA box. RNA polymerase II is then recruited...

transcribe for several hundred to a few thousand bases and eventually dissociates from the DNA and downstream transcript through an unclear mechanism; there are...

exonuclease can remove and degrade the downstream cleavage product (DCP). This initiates transcriptional termination because one does not want DNA or RNA strands...

upregulation. downstream Towards or closer to the 3'-end of a chain of nucleotides, or to the C-terminus of a peptide chain. Contrast upstream. dsDNA See double-stranded...

18 and 24 bases in length and are complementary to the specific upstream and downstream sites of the sequence being amplified. Pairs of primers are designed...

of a DNA strand, commonly promoters, affect the transcription of downstream genes. Under normal circumstances, proteins bind to the promoter and activate...

to simultaneously and directionally assemble multiple DNA fragments into a single piece using Type IIS restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase. This assembly...

the sequence after (downstream from) the coding sequence is called the three prime untranslated regions (3'UTR). As opposed to DNA replication, transcription...

against the self-cleavage site) spanning from 30 nt upstream of the cleavage site to 15 nt downstream of the 3′-end. The flanking sequence sequesters the...

degenerate, composed of a guanine adenine cytosine (GAC) core, and the upstream thymine and downstream pyrimidine flanking sequences help dictate recognition...

behind the test is the activation of downstream reporter gene(s) by the binding of a transcription factor onto an upstream activating sequence (UAS). For two-hybrid...

Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional...

recognition element (BRE) is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of most[clarification needed] genes in eukaryotes and Archaea. The BRE is a cis-regulatory...

the 18S, the 5.8S, and the 28S RNA molecules, interlaced with two internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2, and flanked upstream by a 5' external transcribed...