The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information...

the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing...

A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic...

In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend...

Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical...

components of the daily key, which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read German Enigma messages starting from January 1933. Over time, the German cryptographic procedures...

Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer...

sender known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions...

In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt messages sent to that user—is a pair of large prime numbers...

advantage of steganography over cryptography alone is that the intended secret message does not attract attention to itself as an object of scrutiny....

probabilistic for square root of a quadratic residue modulo a prime. Menezes, Oorschot, Vanstone, Scott: Handbook of Applied Cryptography (free PDF downloads)...

In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can...

fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid. The Pigpen cipher offers little cryptographic security. It...

algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys...

future. As of 2022[update], the U.S. federal government has proposed a roadmap for organizations to start migrating toward quantum-cryptography-resistant...

communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946. Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke was...

In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating...

returns a fixed length of bits. Although hash algorithms, especially cryptographic hash algorithms, have been created with the intent of being collision resistant...

can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful for telegraphy, steganography, and cryptography. The device was originally used for fire...

In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with...

The Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is the IETF's standard for cryptographically protected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols...

Geheimfernschreiber Photographs of Sturgeon Entry for "Sturgeon" in the Government Code and Cypher School Cryptographic Dictionary Bletchley Park's Sturgeon...

Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC...

In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute...

A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences...

code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it...

In cryptography, GMR is a digital signature algorithm named after its inventors Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali and Ron Rivest. As with RSA the security...

Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted...

In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known...

In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion...