combining characters and Latin characters. Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how...

idea of an east–west division of the Indo-European language family as centum and satem languages, and prompted reinvigorated study of the Indo-European...

distinction between centum and satem languages corresponds to the outcome of the PIE plain velars: The "central" satem languages (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic...

Paleo-Balkan languages. It is not contested, however, that the Thracian languages were Indo-European languages which had acquired satem characteristics...

identified both Illyrian and Messapic as satem languages due to the change from IE o to a. On the other hand, he classified Venetic as centum due to the preservation...

up centum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Centum denotes a class within the Indo-European language family, distinguished from the satem languages. Centum...

Weise's law Centum and satem languages Balto-Slavic languages Italo-Celtic Proto-Indo-Iranian language Proto-Iranian Proto-Greek language Proto-Celtic...

the satem languages first shifted the "palatovelars" and then later merged the "plain velars" and "labiovelars". See Centum and satem languages § Different...

(ἕτερος héteros "other") to be used instead. The centum–satem isogloss of the Indo-European language family relates to the different evolution of the...

whether they were centum or satem language, while it is undisputed that Thracian was a satem language by the Classical Period (the satem nature of proto-Thracian...

Samic languages, Baltic languages and Slavic languages are also known. The term substrate with reference to Proto-Germanic refers to lexical items and phonological...

considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satem language was due to two secondary...

sound change is most prominent in the satem languages, the change probably occurred prior to the centum–satem division, based on an earlier sound change...

Illyrian, is poorly understood due to the paucity of data and is still being examined. The centum or satem character of Illyrian is difficult to detect due to...

language, or a hybrid of two quite different Indo-European languages, mixing the centum and satem types.[citation needed] Which culture or cultures may have...

neither centum nor satem, despite having a "satem-like" realization of the palatal dorsals in most cases. Thus PIE *ḱ, *k, and *kʷ become th, q, and s, respectively...

Thracian and are not evidenced in Dacian. In any case, the satem/centum distinction, once regarded as a fundamental division between IE languages, is no...

Proto-Indo-Iranian was a satem language, likely removed less than a millennium from its ancestor, the late Proto-Indo-European language, and in turn removed less...

group, Proto-Armenian was situated between Proto-Greek (centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian (satem subgroup). Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological...

Indo-European language family on the centum–satem isogloss, and prompted reinvigorated study of the family. The documents record two closely related languages, called...

data was flawed and that Bangani is an unambiguously satem language. Zoller does not accept the findings by van Driem and Sharma, and claims that there...

Italic languages are fairly conservative. In phonology, the Italic languages are centum languages by merging the palatals with the velars (Latin centum has...

Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its...

Tarim "Tocharian" languages were "centum" languages within the Indo-European family, whereas Bactrian was an Iranian, thus "satem" language. Bactrian is a...

between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely...

Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly satem. During the 8th century BC,...

between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely...

related language, Tocharian B that together possibly with Kroränian form the Tocharian branch of the Indo-European languages. This language was notably...

Veneti were a centum Indo-European people, rather than satem Baltic-speakers. Zbigniew Gołąb considers that the hydronyms of the Vistula and Odra river basins...

numerous analogical developments. Others are argued to be borrowings from Centum languages. For example, Proto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ 'cow' (Lithuanian kárvė,...