electromagnetism, charge density is the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume. Volume charge density (symbolized by the...

is balanced by an equal density of opposite charges within the volume. Charges that are not balanced are part of the free charge discussed below. For a...

A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing...

Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m−3. As...

electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density vector is defined...

on positive charge and terminate on negative charge. They are parallel to the direction of the electric field at each point, and the density of these field...

linear charge density (the amount of electric charge per unit length) are two common examples used in science and engineering. The term linear density or...

Area density Bulk density Buoyancy Charge density Density current Density gradient Density prediction by the Girolami method Dord Energy density Lighter...

four-current (technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with units of charge per unit time per unit area. Also...

d3r′ denotes an elementary volume in V. For an array of point charges, the charge density becomes a sum of Dirac delta functions: ρ ( r ) = ∑ i = 1 N q...

given by a continuity equation between charge density ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {x} )} and current density J ( x ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (\mathbf...

and weak nuclear forces. The property of charge invariance is embedded in the charge density – current density four-vector j μ = ( c ρ , j → ) {\displaystyle...

Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate...

conductors and containing a specified charge density ρ, the electric field is uniquely determined if the total charge on each conductor is given. Possessing...

the spin density in 3D-space. Difference density map Electron cloud Electron configuration Resolution (electron density) Charge density Density functional...

strength of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. Field lines due to stationary charges have several important properties, including...

concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ / kBT, where kB is Boltzmann...

field, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } the electric charge density and J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } the current density. ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is...

derivatives of the exchange correlation energy with respect to the charge density. Consequently, it is not clear if the second theorem of DFT holds in...

} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, E is the electric field, J is the current density, c is the speed of light, and B is the magnetic...

The conservation of charge results in the charge-current continuity equation. More generally, the rate of change in charge density ρ within a volume of...

}\right)=-\nabla ^{2}V_{\mathbf {E} }=\rho /\varepsilon _{0}} where ρ is the total charge density and ∇ ⋅ {\textstyle \mathbf {\nabla } \cdot } denotes the divergence...

the divergence of the electric field is proportional to the local density of charge. The law was first formulated by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1773, followed...

the free charges. In contrast ρ b {\displaystyle \rho _{\text{b}}} , which is called the bound charge, is an effective density of the charges that are...

{\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}} where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, which is a function of time and position, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon...

{E}}} is the electric field, e is the elementary charge (1.6×10−19 coulomb), and p is the hole density (number per unit volume). The electric field makes...

analysis Coulson's charges Natural charges CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, and CM5 charge models Partitioning of electron density distributions Bader charges (obtained from...

solids level in the range of 10 to 50%. It is a high charge density cationic polymer. The charge density makes it well suited for flocculation. Actually,...

but always Laporte-forbidden. Charge-transfer bands of transition metal complexes result from shift of charge density between molecular orbitals (MO)...

through the vacuum. Space charge can result from a range of phenomena, but the most important are: Combination of the current density and spatially inhomogeneous...