The heart is the first functional organ in a vertebrate embryo. There are 5 stages to heart development. Specification of cardiac precursor cells: The...

In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment...

hedgehog protein (SHH) is a major signaling molecule of embryonic development in humans and animals, encoded by the SHH gene. This signaling molecule...

In cellular biology, the Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through...

In biology, juxtracrine signalling (or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms...

(February 2001). "Protein phosphatase 2A: a highly regulated family of serine/threonine phosphatases implicated in cell growth and signalling". The Biochemical...

Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals...

a role in early heart development. Myostatin is produced as promyostatin, a precursor protein kept inactive by the latent TGF-β binding protein 3 (LTBP3)...

morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and, in the case of Cerberus and Coco, Wnt signaling as well. This activity is important in neural development and left-right...

also known as IHH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IHH gene. This cell signaling protein is in the hedgehog signaling pathway. The several...

mechanism occurs via the growth factor BMP signalling to turn on a transcriptional repressor Smad-interacting protein 1 (Sip1) and marks the beginning of the...

on Notch signalling. The Notch signaling pathway is a critical component of cardiovascular formation and morphogenesis in both development and disease...

cadherin protein complex and acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a member of the catenin protein family and...

that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signalling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling). Hormones are used to communicate between organs...

BMP signalling in pathological processes. Cancerous disease often involves misregulation of the BMP signalling system. Absence of BMP signalling is, for...

shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. They were first described in relation...

(NFκB) signalling leads to transcription of various proinflammatory cytokines as well as anti-apoptotic genes. It was found that NFκB signalling was inhibited...

is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MET gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is...

pathway takes its name from one of its key signaling components—the protein kinase Hippo (Hpo). Mutations in this gene lead to tissue overgrowth, or a...

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation...

is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally...

signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This well-established MAPK pathway in cell...

Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase...

fused homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUFU gene. In molecular biology, the protein domain suppressor of fused protein (Sufu) has an important...

adaptor proteins link RTK activation to downstream signal transduction pathways, such as the MAP kinase signalling cascade. An example of a vital signal transduction...

Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides...

is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway. Dickkopf...

G-protein signaling 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGS2 gene. It is part of a larger family of RGS proteins that control signalling through...

proteins (FABPs) are a family of transport proteins for fatty acids and other lipophilic substances such as eicosanoids and retinoids. These proteins...

across the cell. G proteins are a family of intracellular proteins capable of mediating signal transduction pathways. Each G protein is a heterotrimer...