Most animal testing involves invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, and Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode. These animals offer...

Animal testing may also refer to: Alternatives to animal testing Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on non-human primates Animal testing on...

Marine invertebrates are invertebrate animals that live in marine habitats, and make up most of the macroscopic life in the oceans. It is a polyphyletic...

Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use by humans....

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of animals, as model organisms, in experiments...

euthanized. Animal euthanasia Animal testing on invertebrates Euthanasia in animal testing Insects in ethics Lobster killing methods and animal welfare "AVMA...

refinement, reduction) and animal welfare when conducting animal testing on non-human primates. A 2013 amendment to the German Animal Welfare Act, with special...

therapies. Animal models of autism Animal models of schizophrenia Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on rodents Animal testing Britches (monkey)...

open field test (OFT) is an experimental test used to assay general locomotor activity levels, anxiety, and willingness to explore in animals (usually rodents)...

suffering of each animal subject.[citation needed] Animals in space Animal testing Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on rodents Cellular model...

scientific study of prehistoric invertebrates by analyzing invertebrate fossils in the geologic record. By invertebrates are meant the non-vertebrate creatures...

that is already rotting, rather than causing fruit to rot. Animal testing on invertebrates Eating behavior in Insects (Measurement) Fruit flies in space...

Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. There is widespread agreement...

Frogs have been used in animal tests throughout the history of biomedical science. Eighteenth-century biologist Luigi Galvani discovered the link between...

act recognises animal sentience in law for the first time. The scope of the legislation includes all vertebrates and some invertebrates such as octopuses...

for testing cosmetics, the procedure involves applying 0.5 mL or 0.5 g of a test substance to the eye or skin of a restrained, conscious animal, and...

Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human...

chloral hydrate, theophylline, IBMX and others, have been studied on certain animals. It is believed that plants developed caffeine as a chemical defense...

Whether invertebrates can feel pain is a contentious issue. Although there are numerous definitions of pain, almost all involve two key components. First...

and turtles), fish and invertebrates (including cephalopods, spiders and insects). The mind and behavior of non-human animals has captivated the human...

nucleus. All of the different cells of an animal are derived from the embryonic germ layers. Those simpler invertebrates which are formed from two germ layers...

Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research. They were first described by W. M. S...

 98, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-9037-9. Invertebrates Smith, J. A. (1991). "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 33 (1–2): 25–31. doi:10...

dogs, working animals, and animal testing, including medical experimentation and the use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person...

required by law. Animal welfare Animal testing American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, a U.S. nonprofit organization Animal Welfare Act of 1966...

Animal Aid (UK) Anima International Animal Defenders International Animal Defense League Animal Equality Animal Ethics Animal Justice (Canada) Animal...

most specifically animal testing on non-human primates as well as on beagles. It has also been criticized for its laboratory animal sources. In 2022,...

G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index. That same year, Chinese law was amended so as to drop the mandatory requirement of testing cosmetics...

power used for work and transport. Animals serve as models in biological research, such as in genetics, and in drug testing. Many species are kept as pets...

criteria are difficult to measure in nonhuman animals, cephalopods are the most intelligent invertebrates. The study of cephalopod intelligence also has...