inference, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal...

observing these efforts and remarking on humanity's power in unity, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other and scatters...

minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). This increases the reliability of the results, often through...

not take up their offers of employment. In 1997, he formed the company Confounding Factor along with co-developer Paul Douglas, who had worked with Gard...

can be done either by adding the confounding variable as a control in regression, or by matching on the confounding variable. PSM has been shown to increase...

that controls for every confounding factor, so also must the user of multiple regression be careful to control for all confounding factors by including them...

being studied, but also any potential confounding variables, thus avoiding omitted variable bias. "Confounding variables" in this context means other...

unduly given causal interpretations. The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed in the statistical...

Along with the advantages of dendroclimatology are some limitations: confounding factors, geographic coverage, annular resolution, and collection difficulties...

from the presence of a confounding variable, thus requiring a re-working of the initial experimental hypothesis. Confounding variables are a threat to...

Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures are tactical or strategic actions taken by an attacker to overwhelm, destroy, or evade anti-ballistic missile...

additional variables that are thought to serve as confounders. By pairing students whose values on the confounding variables are similar, a greater fraction of...

after accounting for confounding variables, there does not appear to be any relationship between race and deadly force once confounders are taken into account...

identify and measure the confounding variable(s). Such techniques can be used to model and partial out the effects of confounding variables techniques, thereby...

This chapter introduces the idea of confounding and describes how causal diagrams can be used to identify confounding variables and determine their effect...

another population than assumed by the investigators. This can act as a confounding factor in both case-control and genome-wide association studies, as well...

confounding variables influencing both the predictor and outcome. One of the primary challenges in observational studies is bias due to confounding....

other demographic factors. Stratification can be used to control for confounding variables (variables other than those the researcher is studying), thereby...

offer a robust technique for identifying appropriate confounding variables. Formally, Z is a confounder if "Y is associated with Z via paths not going through...

startling, original genre pieces that have revelled in their own complexity, confounding every maxim by which the studios hope to appeal to the widest audience...

indices are used in spatial epidemiology to identify socio-economic confounding. In 1983, Brian Jarman published the Jarman Index, also known as the...

confounding factors—any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is...

enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. An...

to capture the heart of the woman he loves? This is the question that confounds old Nato who resorts to consulting the town's renowned faith healer for...

variable in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hidden variable may refer to: Confounding, in statistics, an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates...

assumptions (see below), the design reduces both reverse causation and confounding, which often substantially impede or mislead the interpretation of results...

The fossilized remains of fish eggs have an extensive record going at least as far back as the Devonian and spanning into the Cenozoic era. The eggs of...

stated that the reception the album received was "really painful" and "confounding" to process at times. She further said that she had learned a lot from...

Animism (from Latin: anima meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence....

A nonstress test (NST) is a screening test used in pregnancy to assess fetal status by means of the fetal heart rate and its responsiveness. A cardiotocograph...