In the field of cryogenics, helium [He] is utilized for a variety of reasons. The combination of helium’s extremely low molecular weight and weak interatomic...

many cryogenic applications. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is...

Superfluid Phases of Helium 3. Taylor and Francis. p. 3. General VanSciver, Steven W. (2012). Helium cryogenics. International cryogenics monograph series...

measuring the level of helium with a process known as helium dating. Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics and in certain cryogenic applications. As...

Helium-3 (3He see also helion) is a light, stable isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron. (In contrast, the most common isotope, helium-4...

cryogenic storage dewar (or simply dewar) is a specialised type of vacuum flask used for storing cryogens (such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium)...

Helium (2He) (standard atomic weight: 4.002602(2)) has nine known isotopes, but only helium-3 (3He) and helium-4 (4He) are stable. All radioisotopes are...

temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds use in cryogenics because it has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity than liquid helium and over three times...

great physiological importance, such as ion channels and receptors. Helium cryogenics are used to prevent radiation damage in protein crystals. Two limiting...

therapy, and in cryogenics. Aside from laboratory applications and cryogenics, not all these uses exploit the unique properties of helium, which is therefore...

Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction...

including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics. Commission A2 essentially covers the liquefied gas industry, including...

"Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review". Cryogenics. 121. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN 0011-2275. S2CID 244005391. Catchpole...

166402. PMID 32383925. S2CID 208139397. "Introduction to Liquid Helium". Cryogenics and Fluid Branch. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. "Section 4.1...

or vibrates too much. It can only exist at very low cryogenic temperatures. Two excited helium atoms can also bond to each other in a form called an...

refrigerator". Cryogenics. 37 (5): 279. Bibcode:1997Cryo...37..279U. doi:10.1016/S0011-2275(97)00026-X. Hall, H. E.; Ford, P. J.; Thomson, K. (1966). "A helium-3 dilution...

complicated cryogenic systems to bootstrap to lower temperatures. For example, in a helium-3 refrigerator, condensed 3He (a rare isotope of helium) is evaporatively...

using various refrigeration methods, most commonly using cryogenic fluid bath such as liquid helium. Hence it is usually assembled into a vessel, similar...

"degrees Kelvin") of helium vapour pressure. The scale dates back at around 1894, when Heike Kamerlingh Onnes established his cryogenics laboratory in Leiden...

Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property...

Low-profile, Cryogenic Wire Seal". Cryogenics (Guildf). 50 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2009.09.009. PMC 2805154. PMID 20161550. Some Cryogenic History...

related to Liquid oxygen. Oxygen storage Industrial gas Cryogenics Liquid hydrogen Liquid helium Liquid nitrogen List of stoffs Natterer compressor Rocket...

University, where he taught from 1882 to 1923. In 1904, he established a cryogenics laboratory where he exploited the Hampson–Linde cycle to investigate how...

xenon is the distillation of air using at least two distillation columns. Helium is also recovered in advanced air separation processes. Pure gases can be...

1990. Neon is produced from air in cryogenic air-separation plants. A gas-phase mixture mainly of nitrogen, neon, helium, and hydrogen is withdrawn from...

Helium production in the United States totaled 73 million cubic meters in 2014. The US was the world's largest helium producer, providing 40 percent of...

include: Liquid nitrogen Liquid air Liquid helium Liquid neon These fuels utilize the beneficial liquid cryogenic properties along with the flammable nature...

expansions such as a cryogenics company founded jointly by Helix and ULVAC (jp:アルバック) in 1981. Cryopumps are commonly cooled by compressed helium, though they...

expansion ratio of liquefied and cryogenic from the boiling point to ambient is: nitrogen – 1 to 696 liquid helium – 1 to 745 argon – 1 to 842 liquid...

design, but using a pulse tube refrigerator rather than a large liquid helium cryogenic storage dewar. The first three started observations in the austral...