The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted...

chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The...

recalculated. This allows for possible known-plaintext attacks when combined with knowledge of the underlying plaintext structure. As the first three bytes...

vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack. The slide attack is closely related to the related-key attack. The idea of the slide attack has roots in a paper...

While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has...

The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known-plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that rely...

minutes or seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified...

becoming "plaintext" input for the next. Insecure handling of plaintext can introduce weaknesses into a cryptosystem by letting an attacker bypass the...

In a cryptographic attack a third party cryptanalyst analyzes the ciphertext to try to "break" the cipher, to read the plaintext and obtain the key so...

known-plaintext attack based on the non-uniform distribution of the outputs of pairs of adjacent S-boxes. It works by collecting many known plaintext/ciphertext...

space and, in some situations, with a comparison test value (see known plaintext attack). Output consists of a signal that the IC has found an answer and...

dialled digit), there is a known-plaintext attack using 40 to 80 known plaintexts. For 2-byte blocks, 4 known plaintexts suffice. The "improved" CMEA...

especially when the attempted crack depends on successfully seeding a known-plaintext attack, which often requires an inspired guess based on how specific the...

plaintexts that give equal intermediate values in the encryption process. He presented both a chosen-plaintext attack and a known-plaintext attack; each...

000 was offered for the best attack on one round of REDOC-II, and $20,000 for the best practical known-plaintext attack. REDOC III is a more efficient...

variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive. The attack relies on having...

can also include known plaintext attacks where both the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext are known. While active attackers can interact with...

Unfortunately, this approach is vulnerable to the meet-in-the-middle attack: given a known plaintext pair ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} , such that y = E K 2...

key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted...

Systems Laboratory. Matsui, M. & Yamagishi, A. "A new method for known plaintext attack of FEAL cipher". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 1992. Wu, Shengbao;...

1993; 1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 247 known plaintexts. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested...

cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of...

port 587 was assigned as the SMTP submission port, but was initially in plaintext, with encryption eventually provided years later by the STARTTLS extension...

Meddler-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacker removes the STARTTLS capability from the server response, they can easily downgrade the connection to plaintext. "Manipulator-in-the-middle...

describes an attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement that needs only 20 chosen plaintexts. Murphy and...

XOR operator in any of these ciphers is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also...

example, the plaintext "THIS IS WIKIPEDIA" could be encrypted to "TWDIP SIHII IKASE". To decipher the encrypted message without the key, an attacker could try...

messages, such as "I have the honor to inform your excellency" (see known plaintext attack). Later versions of JN-25 were introduced: JN-25c from 28 May 1942...

store password validation data for authentication. Rather than store the plaintext of user passwords, an access control system stores a hash of the password...

manner. If an attacker somehow obtains one plaintext corresponding to one ciphertext—a known-plaintext attack, or worse, a chosen plaintext or chosen-ciphertext...