Massless free scalar bosons are a family of two-dimensional conformal field theories, whose symmetry is described by an abelian affine Lie algebra. Since...

oscillation are massless. Therefore the outcome is that new massless particles should exist, known as Goldstone bosons. Because zero mass gauge bosons always mediate...

correspondence Massless free scalar bosons in two dimensions Double field theory Sathiapalan 1987. Seiberg 2006. Sathiapalan 1987. Other dualities that arise in string...

which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle...

theory with only this term describes a real massless scalar field. The kinetic term for a complex scalar field is instead given by L 0 = ∂ μ φ ∗ ∂ μ φ...

Yukawa interaction is also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields (i.e., the...

particles known as bosons. It later developed into superstring theory, which posits a connection called supersymmetry between bosons and the class of particles...

k a {\displaystyle \omega (k)\propto ka} . This amounts to classical free scalar field theory, an assembly of independent oscillators. A one-dimensional...

includes 4 kinds of gauge bosons of spin 1, with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers...

one. The two components of the scalar field are reconfigured as a massive mode and a massless Goldstone boson. One can express the complex scalar field theory...

In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also...

in magnetic fields, but this was phenomenological. Weyl found a relativistic equation in terms of the Pauli matrices; the Weyl equation, for massless...

type of "charge" interact via the exchange of massless gauge bosons. Unlike photons, these gauge bosons themselves carry charge.: 32  Sheldon Glashow...

theory. The massless gauge bosons of the electroweak SU(2) × U(1) mix after spontaneous symmetry breaking to produce the three massive bosons of the weak...

now implemented in the (nonlinear) Nambu–Goldstone mode. Normally, in the absence of the Higgs mechanism, massless Goldstone bosons arise. The symmetry...

the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent;...

Yaun; D. Dicus (1999). "Collider tests of compact space dimensions using weak gauge bosons". Physical Review Letters. 83 (11): 2112–2115. arXiv:hep-ph/9904220...

W− bosons, and neutral current, involving electrically neutral Z0 bosons. The most familiar effect of weak interaction is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic...

A scalar boson produces a universally attractive potential, whereas a vector attracts particles to antiparticles but repels like pairs. For two particles...

fermions and bosons. Anyons have statistical properties intermediate between fermions and bosons. In general, the operation of exchanging two identical particles...

particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bosons are known to have 48 and 13...

symmetries that can be seen in the two-dimensional Ising model. Consider the free scalar field φ of mass m in two Euclidean dimensions. Its propagator is: G...

four-fermion interactions. A classical free scalar field φ {\displaystyle \varphi } satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation. If a scalar field is denoted φ {\displaystyle...

Stefan (2011). "Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions". Nature Physics. 7 (9): 713–718. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..713H. doi:10...

corresponding two-dimensional conformal field theory describes a massless free scalar boson. Brownian sheet Ding, J.; Lee, J. R.; Peres, Y. (2012), "Cover...

interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike...

In supersymmetry, type IIA supergravity is the unique supergravity in ten dimensions with two supercharges of opposite chirality. It was first constructed...

is a theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer...

phenomena observed in the relativistic regime – among them antimatter, and the creation and annihilation of particles. In the massless case m = 0 {\displaystyle...

bootstrap method. Notable two-dimensional conformal field theories include minimal models, Liouville theory, massless free bosonic theories, Wess–Zumino–Witten...