Before immunological pregnancy tests were developed in the 1960s, women relied on urine-based pregnancy tests using animals, ranging from mice to frogs...

Detection of ectopic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and ultrasound. This may require testing on more than one...

as the "Hogben test", used the African clawed frog, and yielded results without the need to cut the animal open. Modern pregnancy tests continue to operate...

British National Formulary used to provide a table of drugs to be avoided or used with caution in pregnancy, and did so using a limited number of key phrases...

A multiple birth is the culmination of a multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term most applicable to vertebrate...

increased risk of lower scores on neurodevelopmental tests. Valproic acid use during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects by approximately...

Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. Abortions that occur without intervention are known as...

Interspecific pregnancy (literally pregnancy between species, also called interspecies pregnancy or xenopregnancy) is the pregnancy involving an embryo...

development of crash test dummies, automobile companies tested using human cadavers, animals and live volunteers. Cadavers have been used to modify different...

cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as basal body temperature tests over, noting the color and texture...

Male pregnancy is the incubation of one or more embryos or fetuses by organisms of the male sex in some species. Most species that reproduce by sexual...

it is contracted during pregnancy, much of the global epidemiological data regarding T. gondii comes from seropositivity tests in women of childbearing...

levels, and decreased performance in tests of learning and intelligence. Air pollution can negatively affect a pregnancy resulting in higher rates of preterm...

hypothyroidism in pregnancy is not conclusively shown to decrease the incidence of miscarriage. The effectiveness and safety of using Chinese herbal medicines...

Retrieved 2015-11-13. "Routine Tests During Pregnancy". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2021-01-25. "Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant...

negatives). Home pregnancy tests are urine tests, and normally detect a pregnancy 12 to 15 days after fertilization. A quantitative blood test can determine...

test, which may or may not be covered by health insurance. DTC genetic tests, however, allow consumers to bypass this process and purchase DNA tests themselves...

JP (March 2020). "Predicting pregnancy test results after embryo transfer by image feature extraction and analysis using machine learning". Scientific...

twin and one singleton pregnancy." The term preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) refers to the set of techniques for testing whether embryos (obtained...

Amnesty International described the virginity tests as "nothing less than torture". Virginity tests done by the military on detainees were banned in...

condom is a sheath-shaped barrier device used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI)...

screening tests have been developed such as dipsticks, latex, and slide agglutination tests. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the reference test for...

history, a physical exam as well as blood tests that includes a complete blood count and additional tests to determine levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit...

insemination, and is followed by nine months of pregnancy before childbirth. Pregnancy can be avoided with the use of contraceptives such as condoms and intrauterine...

Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder specific to pregnancy, characterized by the new onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of...

womb or artificial uterus is a device that allows for extracorporeal pregnancy, by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally...

implantation. The presence of hCG is detected in some pregnancy tests (HCG pregnancy strip tests). Some cancerous tumors produce this hormone; therefore...

abscess, ectopic pregnancy, and other conditions involving abdominal organs. A biopsy can be performed during the procedure. Because animals cannot voice...

hemoglobin. Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia is an extremely...

blood tests or direct visual inspection using dark field microscopy. Blood tests are more commonly used, as they are easier to perform. Diagnostic tests are...