A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language...

Second-language acquisition (SLA), sometimes called second-language learning—otherwise referred to as L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning...

English as a second or foreign language refers to the use of English by individuals whose native language is different, commonly among students learning...

second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition...

Teaching English as a second (TESL) or foreign language (TEFL) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) are terms that refer to teaching...

Second-language attrition refers to atrophy of second-language skills. It is commonly found in individuals who live in environments in which the presence...

concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother...

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both...

Second language writing is the study of writing performed by non-native speakers/writers of a language as a second or foreign language. According to Oxford...

native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers...

Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually...

The phonology of second languages is different from the phonology of first languages in various ways. The differences are considered to come from general...

The label of second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. They belong to the low-level programming...

A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing...

million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 267 million total speakers. It is usually listed as the fifth-most spoken native language, the...

The generative approach to second language (L2) acquisition (SLA) is a cognitive based theory of SLA that applies theoretical insights developed from...

Francophone Africa it is spoken mainly as a second language or lingua franca, though it has also become a native language in a small number of urban areas; in...

European Union. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language, after English, both as a first and as a second language. German is also widely taught...

English as a Second Language (ESL) Podcast is a web-based English language-learning podcast. It is the first and longest-running English language learning...

Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken...

Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is...

second language learning does not change with age. In second language class, students commonly face difficulties in thinking in the target language because...

Second Language Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics, concerned foremost with second language acquisition and second-language...

global language with 497 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 600 million speakers total, including second-language speakers...

topical guide to second-language acquisition: Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often...

43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number...

European Second Language Association (EuroSLA) is a learned society for researchers with an interest in second language and second language acquisition...

distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. There is no single criterion for how much knowledge is sufficient to be counted as a second-language (L2) speaker...

linguistics is a perspective and approach to the study of second, third and additional language acquisition. The general term complex dynamic systems theory...

country's official language, and almost the entire population speaks it either as a first language or proficiently as a second language. Its standard form...