In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report A Mathematical...

alternating rounds of S- and P-boxes already satisfies Shannon's confusion and diffusion properties: The reason for diffusion is the following: If one...

models. A diffusion model consists of two major components: the forward diffusion process, and the reverse sampling process. The goal of diffusion models...

and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's Confusion and diffusion). P-boxes are typically classified as compression, expansion, and straight...

bits j and k should change independently when any single input bit i is inverted, for all i, j and k. Butterfly effect Confusion and diffusion Feistel...

Encryption Standard (AES), and more. In the paper, Shannon defined unicity distance, and the principles of confusion and diffusion, which are key to a secure...

episode of Code Lyoko: Evolution Confusion and diffusion (in cryptography) Circle of confusion Confusing similarity Confusion Corner, a street intersection...

two versions, one with 64 bits, and the other with 128 bits. Substitution–permutation network Confusion and diffusion Alex Biryukov, Christophe De Cannière...

combines fractionation with transposition, and was an early cipher to implement the principles of confusion and diffusion. David Kahn described it as a "system...

achieve a certain amount of confusion and diffusion: each letter of the ciphertext depends on three letters of the plaintext and up to three letters of the...

as input and outputs four bytes, where each input byte affects all four output bytes. Together with ShiftRows, MixColumns provides diffusion in the cipher...

powerful for 1929, and indicates that Hill apparently understood the concepts of a meet-in-the-middle attack as well as confusion and diffusion. Unfortunately...

Naccache, Jacques Stern, and Serge Vaudenay. According to the designers it "uses public-key-like operations as confusion and diffusion means." The cipher was...

The GCM algorithm provides both data authenticity (integrity) and confidentiality and belongs to the class of authenticated encryption with associated...

Secrecy Systems conditional entropy conditional quantum entropy confusion and diffusion cross-entropy data compression entropic uncertainty (Hirchman uncertainty)...

substitution from the S-boxes, and permutation of bits from the P-box and E-expansion provides so-called "confusion and diffusion" respectively, a concept identified...

that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be...

cryptographic protocols: the disadvantage of this method is a lack of diffusion, wherein it fails to hide data patterns when it encrypts identical plaintext...

Soviet/Russian GOST and the more recent Blowfish and Twofish ciphers. In a Feistel cipher, encryption and decryption are very similar operations, and both consist...

In optics, a circle of confusion (CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus when imaging a point...

p_{L}} , application of linear diffusion. Hash values of an empty string (i.e., a zero-length input text) for both the XOF and non-XOF variants. Ascon-Hash("")...

both privacy and integrity even if nonces are repeated. To accomplish this, encryption is a function of a nonce, the plaintext message, and optional additional...

guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. Alternatively, the attacker can...

algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and the time can differ based on the input; with precise measurements of the...

In other words, modern encryption schemes are pseudorandom permutations and are designed to have ciphertext indistinguishability. If an algorithm is...

(denoted as K in the diagram, to avoid confusion with the Plaintext) and four 256-entry S-boxes (S0, S1, S2 and S3). Every round r consists of 4 actions:...

Key schedule Lai–Massey scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening...

obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear vectorial...

and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm with curve P-384 SHA-2 with 384 bits, Diffie–Hellman key exchange with a minimum 3072-bit modulus, and...

representing a Reed–Solomon error correcting code in order to guarantee good diffusion. The nonlinear layer is composed of eight 8×8-bit S-boxes based on the...