The quantization of the electromagnetic field is a procedure in physics turning Maxwell's classical electromagnetic waves into particles called photons...

specifically the quantization of the electromagnetic field and the development of quantum electrodynamics. The empirical investigation of electromagnetism is at...

In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell...

infinite degrees of freedom is field quantization, as in the "quantization of the electromagnetic field", referring to photons as field "quanta" (for instance...

quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force...

light requires the quantization of the electromagnetic field for a proper description and thus is a direct measure of the particle nature of light. In classical...

mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In this...

amount of energy is radiated. However, unlike Einstein, Bohr stuck to the classical Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic field. Quantization of the electromagnetic...

theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field...

with the process in which "particles" are actually created: spontaneous emission. Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an...

compute the coefficient of spontaneous emission of an atom. Paul Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an ensemble of harmonic...

the quantization of the motion of particles, leaving the electromagnetic field classical, hence the name quantum mechanics. Later the electromagnetic...

Quantum control Optical phase space Optical physics Optics Quantization of the electromagnetic field Two-state quantum system Spinplasmonics Valleytronics...

Rañada, Antonio F. (31 October 1995). "A Model of Topological Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field". In M. Ferrero; Alwyn van der Merwe (eds.). Fundamental...

emission of an atom. He is credited with coining the term "quantum electrodynamics". Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an...

canonical quantization) may be called perturbative quantization schemes. At present some of these methods lead to the most precise experimental tests of gauge...

the lowest energy state (the ground state) of the electromagnetic field when the fields are quantized. When the Planck constant is hypothetically allowed...

levels within an atom. Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of energy and its influence...

quantization contributes towards magnetic susceptibility of metals, known as Landau diamagnetism. Under strong magnetic fields, Landau quantization leads...

quantization of the electromagnetic field for its explanation. The Casimir effect, where the ground state of the quantized electromagnetic field causes attraction...

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space...

quantum field theory, it is known as canonical quantization, in which the fields (typically as the wave functions of matter) are thought of as field operators...

the universe, then all electric charge in the universe must be quantized (Dirac quantization condition). The electric charge is, in fact, quantized,...

vector fields such as the electromagnetic field, spinor fields whose quanta are fermionic particles such as electrons, and tensor fields such as the metric...

common scheme the absolute and non-dynamical character of Newtonian time of canonical quantization and path integral approaches with the relativistic and...

An electromagnetic cavity is a cavity that acts as a container for electromagnetic fields such as photons, in effect containing their wave function inside...

considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is...

physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s...

of a field as a fundamental quantity that could independently exist. Instead, he supposed that the electromagnetic field expressed the deformation of...

photons in presence of a surface or a nanostructure. This method allows one to investigate time-varying nanoscale electromagnetic fields in an electron microscope...