In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report A Mathematical...

alternating rounds of S- and P-boxes already satisfies Shannon's confusion and diffusion properties: The reason for diffusion is the following: If one...

models. A diffusion model consists of two major components: the forward diffusion process, and the reverse sampling process. The goal of diffusion models...

and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's Confusion and diffusion). P-boxes are typically classified as compression, expansion, and straight...

two versions, one with 64 bits, and the other with 128 bits. Substitution–permutation network Confusion and diffusion Alex Biryukov, Christophe De Cannière...

bits j and k should change independently when any single input bit i is inverted, for all i, j and k. Butterfly effect Confusion and diffusion Feistel...

episode of Code Lyoko: Evolution Confusion and diffusion (in cryptography) Circle of confusion Confusing similarity Confusion Corner, a street intersection...

Encryption Standard (AES), and more. In the paper, Shannon defined unicity distance, and the principles of confusion and diffusion, which are key to a secure...

combines fractionation with transposition, and was an early cipher to implement the principles of confusion and diffusion. David Kahn described it as a "system...

achieve a certain amount of confusion and diffusion: each letter of the ciphertext depends on three letters of the plaintext and up to three letters of the...

Secrecy Systems conditional entropy conditional quantum entropy confusion and diffusion cross-entropy data compression entropic uncertainty (Hirchman uncertainty)...

that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be...

Naccache, Jacques Stern, and Serge Vaudenay. According to the designers it "uses public-key-like operations as confusion and diffusion means." The cipher was...

The GCM algorithm provides both data authenticity (integrity) and confidentiality and belongs to the class of authenticated encryption with associated...

as input and outputs four bytes, where each input byte affects all four output bytes. Together with ShiftRows, MixColumns provides diffusion in the cipher...

both privacy and integrity even if nonces are repeated. To accomplish this, encryption is a function of a nonce, the plaintext message, and optional additional...

powerful for 1929, and indicates that Hill apparently understood the concepts of a meet-in-the-middle attack as well as confusion and diffusion. Unfortunately...

National Standard for Wireless LAN WAPI (WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure), and with Transport Layer Security. SM4 was a cipher proposed for...

because a brute-force search takes too long. Longer passwords, passphrases and keys have more possible values, making them exponentially more difficult...

In optics, a circle of confusion (CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus when imaging a point...

cryptographic protocols: the disadvantage of this method is a lack of diffusion, wherein it fails to hide data patterns when it encrypts identical plaintext...

Soviet/Russian GOST and the more recent Blowfish and Twofish ciphers. In a Feistel cipher, encryption and decryption are very similar operations, and both consist...

obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear vectorial...

round functions being interwoven with each other. To ensure sufficient diffusion, two of the sub-blocks are swapped after each round. Each round uses 6...

p_{L}} , application of linear diffusion. Hash values of an empty string (i.e., a zero-length input text) for both the XOF and non-XOF variants. Ascon-Hash("")...

algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and the time can differ based on the input; with precise measurements of the...

substitution from the S-boxes, and permutation of bits from the P-box and E-expansion provides so-called "confusion and diffusion" respectively, a concept identified...

non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives...

Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent...

representing a Reed–Solomon error correcting code in order to guarantee good diffusion. The nonlinear layer is composed of eight 8×8-bit S-boxes based on the...