The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling...

between specialized ectodermal cells and the underlying mesoderm. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the underlying...

anemia and TAR syndrome.Other possible causes are an injury to the apical ectodermal ridge during upper limb development, intrauterine compression, or maternal...

be a result of a wedge-shaped defect of the apical ectoderm of the limb bud (AER: apical ectodermal ridge). Polydactyly, syndactyly and cleft hand can...

and positive feedback retention of two signaling regions: the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) with the mesenchymal...

different genes, signals, and a unique region of ectoderm called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Research by Saunders and Gasseling in 1948 identified the...

formation of an organizer at the end of the limb bud, called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which guides further development and controls cell death...

been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity. The chicken was the first...

ectoderm to form an important organizing structure called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER reciprocatively secretes FGF8 and FGF4 which maintains...

Poland syndrome. Abnormality of an embryonic structure called the apical ectodermal ridge, which helps direct early limb development, may also be involved...

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. Ectodermal cells at the distal end of the buds form the apical ectodermal ridge, which creates an area of rapidly proliferating...

distal end, the differentiation of skeletal elements occurs in an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) which expands in rays. A Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)...

endoplasmic reticulum, a cell organelle Albumin Excretion Rate Apical ectodermal ridge, critical component of vertebrate limb development Administrative...

morphogen called fibroblast growth factors must be secreted from the apical ectodermal ridge. Sonic hedgehog has also been shown to act as an axonal guidance...

progress zone is a layer of mesodermal cells immediately beneath the apical ectodermal ridge in the developing limb bud. The fate of the mesodermal cells is...

develop. Saunders researched the vertebrate limb and studied the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). This research was critical in recognizing growth factors...

involves many signaling molecules such as FGF, BMP, SHH and WNT. The apical ectodermal ridge is a structure found at the distal most tip which becomes a key...

eventually becomes an apical ectodermal cap (AEC) that forms on the tip of the stump. This is similar to the embryonic apical ectodermal ridge, which forms during...

early skeletogenesis, where nerves grow into the limb bud and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a structure that ensures proper limb development, appears...

In 1969, a scientist named John Saunders established that the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)--a transparent rim along limb buds—plays an important role...

lacrimal gland, tarsal glands, and the conjunctiva of the eye The apical ectodermal ridge, which induces the development of the limb buds of the embryo List...

glycosyltransferases. The gene products of radical fringe stimulate the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in limb-bud formation. The mouse and human Fringe family members...

posterior structures such as the hindgut. FGF8 is secreted by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) at the distal end of limb buds and is essential for limb...

that zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) requires maintenance of apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The dependence of ZPA on ARE indicates the linkage between...

patterning of the limb and has been implicated in the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER is essential for the distal patterning of the limb...

; Vogel A.; Booth I.; Martin G.R. (1993). "FGF-* replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb". Cell. 75 (3):...

These transcription factors are Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) specific in limb development. The Apical Ectodermal Ridge signaling is important for specification...

Top expressed in sclerotome Apical ectodermal ridge surface ectoderm rhombic lip thoracic vertebral column hair ventral tegmental area lumbar subsegment...

phase by functioning as an autocrine or paracrine ligand. In the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), FGF4 plays a key role in initiating and sustaining limb...

EI (1998). "JAGGED2: a putative Notch ligand expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge and in sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions". Mech. Dev...