bottom quark, beauty quark, or b quark, is an elementary particle of the third generation. It is a heavy quark with a charge of −⁠1/3⁠ e. All quarks are...

either a bottom quark (most frequently), a strange quark, or, on the rarest of occasions, a down quark. The Standard Model determines the top quark's mean...

flavors, of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. The heavier quarks rapidly change...

Current quarks (also called naked quarks or bare quarks) are a description of valence quarks as the cores of the quark particles that are the invariable...

quarks (up, charm, and top quarks) are called up-type quarks and have T3 = ⁠++1/2⁠ ; the negatively charged quarks (down, strange, and bottom quarks)...

The charm quark, charmed quark, or c quark is an elementary particle found in composite subatomic particles called hadrons such as the J/psi meson and...

A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group. In the low-energy limit of QCD, a description by...

down quark (symbol: d) is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and combines...

includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino...

accurately known quark mass is of the top quark (t) at 172.7 GeV/c2, estimated using the on-shell scheme. Estimates of the values of quark masses depend...

(charmness), B′ (bottomness), T (topness), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), t (top quark), as well as other...

Top and bottom can mean more than one thing. In the context of particle physics: Top quark Bottom quark In the context of sexuality: Top, bottom and versatile...

In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to...

containing the charm quark, first seen 1974, is about three times as massive as a proton, and the upsilon meson (ϒ) containing the bottom quark, first seen in...

The bottom eta meson (η b) or eta-b meson is a flavourless meson formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was first observed by the BaBar experiment...

interact with baryonic matter. There are six quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks carry color charge, and hence interact via the...

Quark–gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup) is an interacting localized assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal (local kinetic) and (close to) chemical (abundance)...

reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks (nb) and the number of bottom quarks (nb) that are present in a particle: B ′ = − ( n...

a bottom antiquark and either an up (B+ ), down (B0 ), strange (B0 s) or charm quark (B+ c). The combination of a bottom antiquark and a top quark is...

diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation and properties. Unlike up and down quarks, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such...

are added for each even heavier charm or bottom quark that replaces one of the two presumed strange quarks. They are historically called the cascade...

and bottom quarks; the top quark vanishes before it has time to bind into a hadron). The strength of the strong-force gluons which bind the quarks together...

used in studying the properties of hadrons containing a single charm or bottom quark. The effective theory was formalised in 1990 by Howard Georgi, Estia...

It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is...

quarks are called omega baryons. By default, the quarks are strange quarks, but those with one or more the strange quarks replaced by charm or bottom...

of three quarks; or a meson, composed of two quarks), or an elementary particle, which is not composed of other particles (for example, quarks; or electrons...

mesons and baryons, as well as to the masses of the tau lepton, charm quark, bottom quark, some hydrogen isotopes, and some helium isotopes. Just as all Standard...

made of a mixture of up, down and strange quarks and their antiquarks. The charmed eta meson (η c) and bottom eta meson (η b) are similar forms of quarkonium;...

the quark masses). The three heavy quarks: the charm quark, bottom quark, and top quark, have masses much larger than the scale of the strong interactions...

and the strong interaction. Quarks cannot exist on their own but form hadrons. Hadrons that contain an odd number of quarks are called baryons and those...