^{d}} that are pairwise distinct. These functions are called the Schwinger functions (named after Julian Schwinger) and they are real-analytic, symmetric...

Julian Schwinger include the following: Schwinger effect (Schwinger pair production) Schwinger function Schwinger limit Schwinger model Schwinger parametrization...

Julian Seymour Schwinger (/ˈʃwɪŋər/; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning American theoretical physicist. He is best known for...

The Schwinger–Dyson equations (SDEs) or Dyson–Schwinger equations, named after Julian Schwinger and Freeman Dyson, are general relations between correlation...

In theoretical physics, the Rarita–Schwinger equation is the relativistic field equation of spin-3/2 fermions in a four-dimensional flat spacetime. It...

The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions –...

Chapter 18 - for those who saw this being called the Schwinger-Tomonaga equation, this is not the Schwinger-Tomonaga equation. That is a generalization of the...

Julian Schwinger (Repr ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850658-4. Schwinger, Julian (July 1951). "On the Green's functions of quantized...

infinity § Imaginary transformation Complex spacetime Imaginary time Schwinger function Zee, Anthony (2010). Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell (2nd ed.)...

theory. Higher spin analogues include the Proca equation (spin 1), Rarita–Schwinger equation (spin 3⁄2), and, more generally, the Bargmann–Wigner equations...

clearly to classical equivalents.: 128  Both Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger developed quantum action principles based on early work by Paul Dirac...

In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale...

components of the metric tensor.) The resulting functions are called Schwinger functions. For the Schwinger functions there is a list of conditions — analyticity...

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger. Tomonaga was born in Tokyo in 1906. He was the second child and eldest...

1958, p. 14 Pauli 1973, p. 1 Feynman, Leighton & Sands 1963, p. 38-1 Schwinger 2001, p. 203 Bohren & Clothiaux 2006, p. 2 Schiff 1949, p. 2 Mihalas &...

{r} ,t)du.} The gauge condition of the Fock–Schwinger gauge (named after Vladimir Fock and Julian Schwinger; sometimes also called the relativistic Poincaré...

Julian Schwinger, giving an exact result for the pair production rate of a Dirac electron in a uniform electric field. The Hurwitz zeta function with a...

In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the propagator is a function that specifies the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one...

electrodynamics Schrödinger equation Schwinger model Schwinger–Dyson equation Vacuum polarization Vertex function Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory R. P...

theoretical physics, a source is an abstract concept, developed by Julian Schwinger, motivated by the physical effects of surrounding particles involved in...

The Schwinger's quantum action principle is a variational approach to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. This theory was introduced by Julian...

Ernst Stueckelberg and Hans Bethe and implemented by Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga compensates for this effect and eliminates the troublesome...

In quantum field theory, partition functions are generating functionals for correlation functions, making them key objects of study in the path integral...

equivalent.[citation needed] The correlation functions of a statistical field theory are called Schwinger functions, and their properties are described by the...

In quantum field theory, correlation functions, often referred to as correlators or Green's functions, are vacuum expectation values of time-ordered products...

1940s and early 1950s, it was reformulated by Feynman, Tomonaga, and Schwinger, who jointly received the Nobel prize for this work in 1965. Today, the...

theory. In particular in 2-dimensional Euclidean field theory the Schwinger functions can often be recovered from their perturbation series using Borel...

divergences was discovered in 1947–49 by Hans Kramers, Hans Bethe, Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, and systematized by Freeman...

not covered anywhere in the Wightman framework. (However, as shown by Schwinger, Christ and Lee, Gribov, Zwanziger, Van Baal, etc., canonical quantization...

{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} ⁠. In this case, correlation functions are Schwinger functions. They are defined for ⁠ x i ≠ x j {\displaystyle x_{i}\neq...