A spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on the surface of Earth as coordinates...

The National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), managed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is a coordinate system that includes latitude, longitude,...

coordinate system – also called a projected coordinate reference system, planar coordinate system, or grid reference system – is a type of spatial reference system...

The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is the geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for geo-referencing, position reporting, and situational...

the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although...

reference systems (WKT or WKT-CRS) is a text markup language for representing spatial reference systems and transformations between spatial reference...

commentaries for their derivation have also been given. The WGS 84 spatial reference system describes Earth as an oblate spheroid along north-south axis with...

Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations...

datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame) is a global...

geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the...

The Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) consists of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. The GRS80 gravity model has been followed...

88 was affirmed as the official vertical datum in the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) for the Conterminous United States and Alaska. (see Federal...

spatial databases also support the storage of raster data. Because all geographic locations must be specified according to a spatial reference system...

Spatial Reference System, NAD 83, along with North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), are set to be replaced with a new geometric reference frame...

Geographic information systems (GIS), spatial database management and geographic information technology (GeoIT) Spatial analysis, spatial data mining and knowledge...

webpage for WGS 84 Geodesy for the Layman, Chapter VIII, "The World Geodetic System" Spatial reference for EPSG:4326 ANTEX (.atx) files that define IGS20...

The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is an ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed) geodetic Cartesian reference frame, in which the Eurasian...

identifies a physical location in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate reference system in a compact, simple, human-readable, and protocol-independent way...

(also EPSG registry) is a public registry of geodetic datums, spatial reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related units...

solar system. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 704. ISBN 9783527408566. Chicaiza, E.G.; Leiva, C.A.; Arranz, J.J.; Buenańo, X.E. (14 June 2017). "Spatial uncertainty...

geographic applications, a geodesic reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model used as foundation by spatial reference system or geodetic datum definitions...

the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid. An ellipsoid...

Survey National Grid reference system (OSGB), also known as British National Grid (BNG), is a system of geographic grid references, distinct from latitude...

Navigation Satellite System (BDS; Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; pinyin: běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned and operated...

release the new spatial reference system and new zones in 2025. As with earlier systems, the name of the new system, State Plane Coordinate System of 2022, indicates...

conditions, aviators may determine aircraft attitude by reference to an attitude indicator. Spatial disorientation can occur in other situations where visibility...

gravity vector on a real-time basis. A gravity gradient is simply the spatial derivative of the gravity vector. The gradient can be thought of as the...

along the x-axis. Datum (geodesy) Exact constraint Reference frame Surface plate Spatial reference system The plural of this sense of the word datum is datums...

over a short period of time. There are two basic types of reference locality –temporal and spatial locality. Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific...

Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987 or HGRS87 (Greek: Ελληνικό Γεωδαιτικό Σύστημα Αναφοράς 1987 or ΕΓΣΑ'87) is a geodetic system commonly used in Greece...