Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic...

stripped of a single electron, and e− is the removed electron. Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic...

solution for the ionization rate is possible. Tunnel ionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have enough...

by the electron beam ion trap. Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create...

Electron capture ionization is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A − {\displaystyle...

chemistry. Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions, which subsequently react with analyte...

manufacturers. The "hard ionization" process of electron ionization can be softened by the cooling of the molecules before their ionization, resulting in mass...

complete seal). Electron ionization Ionization gauge Vacuum R. T. Bayard and D. Alpert, "Extension of the Low Pressure Range of the Ionization Gauge" Rev....

observed as variations in the ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules, by photoionization, electron ionization and other methods. As examples...

Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example...

is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical...

atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential...

or electromagnetic waves that have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel up to 99% of the...

Japanese and it includes six types of spectra: laser Raman spectra, electron ionization mass spectra (EI-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra...

of electron capture ionization. The electron affinity is positive when energy is released on electron capture. In solid state physics, the electron affinity...

for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are...

molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from...

the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ionization energy for...

electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization...

In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom...

spectrometry in a process called electron ionization to ionize vaporized or gaseous particles. More powerful electron guns are used for welding, metal...

break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted)...

In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure...

Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is...

conductive region is less sharp, the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles...

separation column as a gas and the connection with electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) ion sources in the MS system was a technically...

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a form of electron microscopy in which a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range...

Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary...

process are ionized. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen...

needed to sustain ionization, which is a defining feature of a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative...