The langues d'oïl are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France,...
28 KB (3,175 words) - 00:27, 8 May 2025
French language (redirect from LangueFrancaise)
French (français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] or langue française [lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it...
137 KB (13,488 words) - 18:17, 25 May 2025
To what extent, if any, such a reconstruction reflects a real état de langue is controversial. The closest real-life counterpart would have been (vernacular)...
22 KB (1,523 words) - 09:43, 11 May 2025
characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...
66 KB (6,000 words) - 04:30, 25 May 2025
Occitan language (redirect from Langue d'oc)
(2002). "Note sur l'âge du (proto)gascon". Revue de Linguistique Romane (in French). 66: 473–495. Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "La langue des documents en ancien...
123 KB (11,688 words) - 21:46, 28 May 2025
Proto-Balto-Slavic (PBS or PBSl) is a reconstructed hypothetical proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European (PIE). From Proto-Balto-Slavic, the...
100 KB (11,151 words) - 22:42, 9 May 2025
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It...
84 KB (5,206 words) - 15:49, 24 May 2025
Proto-Berber or Proto-Libyan is the reconstructed proto-language from which the modern Berber languages descend. Proto-Berber was an Afroasiatic language...
22 KB (2,314 words) - 04:43, 27 May 2025
Indo-European languages (category Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text)
prevocalic p in Proto-Celtic. Development of prevocalic s to h in Proto-Greek, with later loss of h between vowels. Verner's law in Proto-Germanic. Grassmann's...
112 KB (10,365 words) - 17:14, 22 May 2025
Atlantic–Congo languages (redirect from Proto-Atlantic–Congo language)
Aubry, N.; Friedman, H.; Pozdniakov, K. (2004). "Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list" (PDF). Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National...
8 KB (497 words) - 23:14, 17 May 2025
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers)...
22 KB (697 words) - 17:20, 9 January 2025
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages...
81 KB (7,647 words) - 23:18, 24 May 2025
Indo-European vocabulary (redirect from Proto-Indo-European vocabulary)
ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5 Kocharov, Petr (2016). "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns". Faits de Langues. 47 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005...
347 KB (9,150 words) - 17:09, 25 May 2025
Chadic languages (redirect from Proto-Chadic)
Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique....
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characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...
141 KB (17,194 words) - 18:30, 4 May 2025
Common Brittonic (redirect from Proto-Welsh)
Brythonek; Breton: Predeneg), also known as British, Common Brythonic, or Proto-Brittonic, is a Celtic language historically spoken in Britain and Brittany...
34 KB (2,215 words) - 17:34, 25 May 2025
Vietnamese language (redirect from Proto-Vietnamese)
1981). Maspero, Henri (1912). "Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient...
135 KB (12,525 words) - 03:21, 28 May 2025
The Proto-Indo-European homeland was the prehistoric homeland of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), meaning it was the region where the proto-language...
120 KB (14,094 words) - 14:15, 23 May 2025
Mande languages (redirect from Proto-Mande language)
Vydrin, Valentin (2016). "Toward a Proto-Mande reconstruction and an etymological dictionary" (PDF). Faits de Langues. 47: 109–123. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000008...
30 KB (1,648 words) - 21:57, 2 May 2025
Songhay languages (redirect from Proto-Songhay)
Dupuis-Yakouba, Auguste. 1917. Essai pratique de méthode pour l'étude de la langue songoï ou songaï [...]. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Hunwick, John O.; Alida Jay...
20 KB (1,884 words) - 21:10, 9 April 2025
Gallo-Romance languages (redirect from Proto-Gallo-Romance)
Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. However, other definitions are far broader...
22 KB (2,104 words) - 07:04, 17 April 2025
Germanic languages (category Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text)
an estimated 2 billion speakers. All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia, Iron Age Northern Germany and...
95 KB (9,750 words) - 12:06, 30 May 2025
Common Romanian (redirect from Proto-Romanian)
(Romanian: română comună), also known as Ancient Romanian (străromână), or Proto-Romanian (protoromână), is a comparatively reconstructed Romance language...
38 KB (4,912 words) - 17:48, 21 May 2025
Balto-Slavic languages (category Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text)
development and origin. A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method, descending from Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined...
39 KB (4,190 words) - 08:26, 18 May 2025
Vedic Sanskrit (category Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text)
reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history. The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan is...
23 KB (2,364 words) - 18:01, 4 May 2025
*Trito (redirect from Trito (Proto Indo European Mythology))
*Trito is a significant figure in Proto-Indo-European mythology, representing the first warrior and acting as a culture hero. He is connected to other...
26 KB (2,672 words) - 22:12, 25 July 2024
Celts (redirect from Proto-Celts)
origins is debated. The traditional "Celtic from the East" theory, says the proto-Celtic language arose in the late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central...
149 KB (16,620 words) - 05:15, 26 May 2025
History of English (redirect from Proto-English)
phase known now as Middle English. The conquering Normans spoke a Romance langue d'oïl called Old Norman, which in Britain developed into Anglo-Norman. Many...
63 KB (6,036 words) - 06:35, 25 May 2025
Bongo–Bagirmi languages (redirect from Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi)
1987, Les langues fer ('kara') et yulu du nord centrafricain, Esquisses descriptives et lexiques, Paris, Geuthner. BOYELDIEU P., 2000, La langue bagiro (République...
16 KB (1,059 words) - 17:39, 29 May 2024
The Proto-Slavic language, the hypothetical ancestor of the modern-day Slavic languages, developed from the ancestral Proto-Balto-Slavic language (c....
77 KB (9,472 words) - 18:11, 18 May 2025