Sulfate attack typically happens to ground floor slabs in contact with soils containing a source of sulfates. Sulfates dissolved by ground moisture migrate...

superficial concrete layer. DEF is also known as internal sulfate attack (ISA). External sulfate attack (ESA) also involves ettringite (AFt) formation and deleterious...

cement Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar Sulfur concrete Tiocem List of countries by cement production "Draeger: Guide for selection and use of filtering...

surfaces, and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder. Concrete is distinct from mortar. Whereas concrete is itself a building material, and contains...

and important phase in calcium aluminate cements Calcium aluminate cements – Rapidly setting hydraulic cements Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar –...

limestone products, cement, concrete, and mortar), as chemical feedstocks, for sugar refining, and other uses. Lime industries and the use of many of the resulting...

typical attack of this type is on concrete slabs and foundation walls at grades where the sulfate ion, via alternate wetting and drying, can increase in concentration...

masonry mortar and concrete in older sewage infrastructures. Sulfur concrete, if proven resistant to long-term chemical and bacterial attacks, could provide...

(2000). "Resistance to magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate attack of mortars containing wheat straw ash". Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (8): 1189–1197...

movement of water. Calthemite is also a secondary deposit derived from concrete, mortar or lime, which can be mistakenly assumed to be efflorescence. Calthemites...

to harmful decohesion and softening (more rarely to expansion and cracking) of concrete. Unlike conventional sulfate attack, in which the calcium hydroxide...

in balance. For instance, a limited number of orthosilicate (SiO4−4) ions can be replaced with sulfate (SO2−4) ions, provided that for each sulfate ion...

the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed...

process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The...

Schluter; D. Y. Lee; W. Dubberke (1987). Sulfate impurities from deicing salt and durability of Portland cement mortar. Transportation Research Board. Reddy...

used in general construction Sulfate resistant cement used in seaport and coastal areas because it provides resistance to chemical attack from sulfates and...

constructed using pozzolan-lime mortars and concrete testify both to the excellent workmanship achieved by Roman engineers and to the durable properties of...

corrosion of reinforced bars) and sulfates (internal and external sulfate attacks, ISA and ESA, of concrete) inside the concrete porosity. When cementitious...

This compound is hygroscopic and very soluble in water. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in mortar. It is also used in the production of explosives...

corrosion inhibitors from functioning and leaving surfaces open to attack from other environmental factors. Some sulfate-reducing bacteria produce hydrogen...

known as concrete cancer, is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive...

water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete. Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, a few...

reflect the composition of sea water, and thus include magnesium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and others. In addition, sea spray aerosols may contain...

and traveled better. The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing...

oxide-sulfate patina coatings that protect underlying copper surfaces and resist corrosion for a very long time. Copper corrodes at negligible rates in unpolluted...

struck by a Venetian mortar. 300 Turkish soldiers were killed in the explosion. On 18 August 1769, the Bastion of San Nazaro in Brescia, Italy was struck...

silica sand, and stone. Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways...

potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, which dissolve in water. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and uranium oxide, require acid or carbonate...

impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jōkichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state and licensed the technology...

during the Iraq War in Anbar Province in 2007, with insurgents packing truck bombs with mortar shells and chlorine tanks. The attacks killed two people...