In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed...

Misuse of p-values is common in scientific research and scientific education. p-values are often used or interpreted incorrectly; the American Statistical...

alternative to p-values, addressing some shortcomings of the latter. In contrast to p-values, e-values can deal with optional continuation: e-values of subsequent...

In statistics, a generalized p-value is an extended version of the classical p-value, which except in a limited number of applications, provides only...

The harmonic mean p-value (HMP) is a statistical technique for addressing the multiple comparisons problem that controls the strong-sense family-wise...

problem is that p-value of an optionally stopped statistical test is larger than what it seems. Intuitively, this is because the p-value is supposed to...

deviation is unknown. It is also used along with p-value when running hypothesis tests where the p-value tells us what the odds are of the results to have...

testing, the q-value in the Storey procedure provides a means to control the positive false discovery rate (pFDR). Just as the p-value gives the expected...

because the significance of the deviation from a null hypothesis (e.g., p-value) can be calculated exactly, rather than relying on an approximation that...

hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis is true; and the p-value of a result, p {\displaystyle p} , is the probability of obtaining a result at least as...

critical value, the results are considered statistically significant. The corresponding probability of exceeding the critical value is depicted as p < 0.05...

positive or negative. This index is numerically similar to the frequentist p-value. It is mathematically defined as the proportion of the posterior distribution...

In economics, economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent, and value for money represents an assessment...

{\displaystyle X_{2k}^{2}=-2\sum _{i=1}^{k}\ln p_{i},} where pi is the p-value for the ith hypothesis test. When the p-values tend to be small, the test statistic...

{\displaystyle p} -adic absolute value results in the p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} . Let p be a prime number. The p-adic valuation of an integer...

or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all...

distribution. Just as extreme values of the normal distribution have low probability (and give small p-values), extreme values of the chi-squared distribution...

names similar to Pearson χ-squared test or statistic are used. It is a p-value test. The setup is as follows: Before the experiment, the experimenter...

theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment)...

absolute value on p-adic numbers: the p-adic absolute value of a nonzero p-adic number x is | x | p = p − v p ( x ) , {\displaystyle |x|_{p}=p^{-v_{p}(x)}...

either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized...

thinking, a first p-value of 0.0499 will be interpreted the same as a p-value of 0.0001 (the null hypothesis is rejected) while a second p-value of 0.0501 will...

The R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive...

equivalent to: mid-p-value = exact-p-value − ( n b ) 0.5 b ( 1 − 0.5 ) n − b {\displaystyle {\text{mid-p-value}}={\text{exact-p-value}}-{n \choose b}0.5^{b}(1-0...

so the result is a (corrected) p-value. Thus they are susceptible to the same misinterpretation as any other p-value. The false positive risk is always...

In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do...

Value theory, also called axiology, studies the nature, sources, and types of values. It is a branch of philosophy and an interdisciplinary field closely...

group labels are exchangeable (i.e., are randomly assigned). The one-sided p-value of the test is calculated as the proportion of sampled permutations where...

and P 1 … P m {\displaystyle P_{1}\ldots P_{m}} their corresponding p-values. We list these p-values in ascending order and denote them by P ( 1 ) … P (...

lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions. The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates the activity of hydrogen cations in the solution pH =...