biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient. This quantity...

the convention is to refer to the potential gradient, which has the opposite sign (meaning the electrical potential increases with distance from the ground)...

membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium...

electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two...

positive sign in front of the gradient to define the potential. Because of this definition of P in terms of the gradient, the direction of F at any point...

vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and...

concentration gradient - all particles tend to diffuse from higher concentration to lower. Electrostatic force caused by electrical potential gradient - cations...

hazard to people or equipment. The change of voltage over distance (potential gradient) may be so high that a person could be injured due to the voltage...

discharge occurs at locations where the strength of the electric field (potential gradient) around a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air. It...

transference number. Ionic transport is also controlled by the electrical potential gradient across the cell. Temperature dependence of electrolyte impacts performance...

regions Potential gradient, the difference in electric charge between two adjoining regions Fluid dynamics and earth science Density gradient Pressure...

(non-physiological oxidants) in a direction against the chemical potential gradient as part of photosynthesis. Robin Hill discovered the reaction in 1937...

electric field (potential gradient) at the surface of conductors exceeds a critical value, the dielectric strength or disruptive potential gradient of air. It...

the flow. Potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential. As a result, a potential flow is characterized...

vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function. A conservative vector field has the property that its...

effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Flow of protons down this potential gradient – that is...

ionic species is involved. The voltage gradient at which this equilibrium is reached is the equilibrium potential for the ion and it can be calculated from...

volume. Water surface potential movement takes place along a concentration gradient; some dry materials absorb water. A gradient between the absorbent...

vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field. This is analogous to a scalar potential, which is a scalar field whose gradient is...

the gradient of a certain scalar function, called a scalar potential. The potential energy is related to, and can be obtained from, this potential function...

at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause...

The gradient theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals, says that a line integral through a gradient field can be evaluated...

electrometer for potential gradient measurements, changing to a radioactive polonium probe during the 1930s. The Eskdalemuir potential gradient was found to...

is powered by a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, usually in the form of a proton gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox reactions...

molecules taking place in the absence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient. This type of diffusion can be followed using isotopic tracers, hence...

Lennard-Jones potential (also termed the LJ potential or 12-6 potential; named for John Lennard-Jones) is an intermolecular pair potential. Out of all the...

charged surface. This force may consist of electric, pressure gradient, concentration gradient, gravity. In addition, the moving phase might be either the...

and insulating putty. By tapering the layers of tape carefully, the potential gradient from the inside of the cable to free air was reduced so as not to...

the electric field as the gradient of a scalar function φ (called the electric potential), since the curl of any gradient is zero. Thus we can write...

allows ions to overcome the potential difference. For a selectively permeable membrane, this permits a net flow against the gradient. This is a kind of osmosis...